This century is undergoing a wave of knowledge and inventions making use of exceptional properties of nanofluids (NFs) in applications such as manufacturing and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, solar energy, heat pipes, electrical cooling systems and many others. Research investigations about NFs are on the increase due to growing attention and demand for NFs as heat transfer fluids. This can be observed from the number of articles published. To endorse the field further, the objective of this study is threefold. First, it presents the literature that specifies the preparation of NFs which are developed by the suspending of solid nanoparticles (NPs) in conventional working liquids. Secondly, it offers contemporary research on thermophysical features results of NFs. In this review, which primarily emphasizes research carried out in the last couple of decades, experimental inquiries from the latest developments of NFs applications and performance as a heat transfer system are summarized. Moreover, heat transfer mechanisms, challenges and impeding trends associated with NFs regarding heat transfer improvement are deliberated; which must motivate additional exploration.

This analysis also deliberates numerous dynamics affecting the thermophysical features; comprising of synthesis techniques, the stability of NFs, various base fluids, type, size, shape, surface modification and volume fraction of nanoparticles (NPs). Though, there are inconsistent findings have been observed in the literature on the effect of factors on the thermophysical traits of NFs. The study also discovers that appropriate characterization of NFs may result in superior heat transfer fluids compared to conventional base fluids. Nevertheless, more extreme exploration is required towards the suitable selection of NPs, their synthesis, characterization and long-term stability of NF is essential to exploit their full potential along with the application of these innovative fluids on commercial levels. The stability of NFs is likewise a fundamental feature of their sustainability and effectiveness. Both academia and professionals in the industry possibly will find this review valuable, as it summarizes significant outlines of research in the field.

在本世纪中，利用纳米流体（NFs）的非凡性能在诸如制造和过程加热，空调和制冷系统，太阳能，热管，电冷却系统等许多应用领域中掀起了一场知识与发明热潮。由于越来越多的关注和对作为传热流体的NFs的需求，有关NFs的研究越来越多。从发表的文章数量可以看出这一点。为了进一步认可该领域，本研究的目的是三方面的。首先，它提供了指定制备NF的文献，这些NF是通过将固体纳米颗粒（NPs）悬浮在常规工作液中而开发出来的。其次，它为NF的热物理特征结果提供了当代的研究。在这篇评论中，它主要强调过去二十年来的研究，总结了来自NFs应用的最新发展和作为传热系统的性能的实验性询问。此外，还讨论了与NF相关的传热机理，挑战和阻碍趋势，涉及改进传热。这必须激发更多的探索。

该分析还考虑了影响热物理特征的众多动力学。包括合成技术，NF的稳定性，各种基础流体，纳米粒子（NP）的类型，大小，形状，表面改性和体积分数。虽然，在文献中观察到关于因子对NFs热物理特性影响的不一致发现。该研究还发现，与常规基础流体相比，对NF的适当表征可能会产生更好的传热流体。然而，更极端的勘探朝合适的选择纳米粒子，它们的合成，表征和长期稳定性NF的要求是必不可少的利用他们的潜力与商业水平这些创新的流体的应用程序一起。NF的稳定性同样是其可持续性和有效性的基本特征。该行业的学术界和专业人士都可能会觉得这篇评论有价值，因为它总结了该领域的重要研究内容。