As electric vehicles surpassed the 5.1 million-vehicle threshold in 2018, charging stations are becoming a growing necessity to allow electric vehicles charging while parked away from home. In addition, by harnessing the inherent flexibility of the charging process, charging stations can also provide services to the grid, such as frequency and voltage regulation. However, given that full-charge using state-of-the-art technology can take a minimum of nearly 30 min, drivers may face queues and uncertainty on the availability of charging sockets. To address this issue this work presents a model to determine the optimal management of charging stations using advance reservations. In the model, charging stations are assumed to participate in the energy and regulation markets, in addition to providing charging services to the vehicles. On the other hand, users are modeled using Satisficing decision model. The optimal management strategies are characterized by different charging tariffs and reservation fees, and their impact is analyzed in terms of the resulting charging profiles and welfare of electric vehicle users.

随着2018年电动汽车超过510万辆的门槛，充电站变得越来越必要，允许在停放在家中的同时对电动汽车进行充电。另外，通过利用充电过程的固有灵活性，充电站还可以向电网提供服务，例如频率和电压调节。但是，考虑到使用最新技术进行充满电至少需要30分钟，驾驶员可能会面临排队和充电插座可用性的不确定性。为了解决这个问题，这项工作提出了一个模型，可以使用预先预订来确定充电站的最佳管理。在该模型中，除了向车辆提供充电服务外，还假设充电站也参与了能源和法规市场。另一方面，用户使用满意度决策模型建模。最优管理策略的特征在于不同的收费标准和预订费，并根据由此产生的收费模式和电动汽车用户的福利来分析其影响。