Abstract The Sakmarian–Kungurian (Early Permian) carbonate mounds of the Amushan Formation of the Deyanqimiao section in eastern Inner Mongolia, North China comprise phylloid algae-echinoderm mound, fusulinid-echinoderm mound and echinoderm mound. They were constructed by repeating the following steps in the mid-ramp and outer ramp environments: 1) skeletal grains accumulated in situ, or after short-distance transportation; 2) tubiform microbes eroded skeletal grains, induced the formation of CaCO3 crystallites near the cell surface, and trapped and bound suspended lime mud from ambient water; 3) some positive topographies slightly higher than adjacent sediments were formed. Data from North China, as well as the tropical Tethyan domain and the subtropical Pangean domain show a three-phase development pattern of Early Permian carbonate buildups. The first phase (Asselian-Sakmarian) is marked by carbonate buildups rich in organisms, such as phylloid algae, Palaeoaplysina, Shamovella, sponges and bryozoans. The second phase (Artinskian) is represented by the disappearance of phylloid algae and Palaeoaplysina from carbonate buildups resulted from the paleoclimatic change from an icehouse to a greenhouse. The third phase (Kungurian) is characterized by the sharp contrast between drastic decline of carbonate buildups in the subtropical Pangean domain and their successful development in North China and the tropical Tethyan domain.

中文翻译：

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早二叠世碳酸盐岩堆积演化模式——以华北内蒙古东部碳酸盐岩丘为例

摘要 华北内蒙古东部德彦旗庙剖面阿木山组萨克马-孔古世（早二叠世）碳酸盐岩丘包括叶状藻-棘皮动物丘、梭形-棘皮动物丘和棘皮动物丘。它们是通过在中匝道和外匝道环境中重复以下步骤构建的：1) 原位积累的骨骼颗粒，或短距离运输后；2）管状微生物侵蚀骨骼颗粒，诱导细胞表面附近CaCO3微晶的形成，并从环境水中捕获和束缚悬浮的石灰泥；3）形成了一些略高于相邻沉积物的正地形。华北地区、热带特提斯域和亚热带盘古域的资料显示，早二叠世碳酸盐岩堆积呈三期发育模式。第一阶段（Asselian-Sakmarian）以富含生物体的碳酸盐堆积为标志，例如叶状藻类、Palaeoaplysina、Shamovella、海绵和苔藓虫。第二阶段（Artinskian）以叶状藻类和Palaeoaplysina 从冰库到温室的古气候变化导致的碳酸盐堆积中消失为代表。第三阶段（昆古期）的特征是亚热带盘古域碳酸盐岩堆积的急剧下降与其在华北和热带特提斯域的成功开发形成鲜明对比。第二阶段（Artinskian）以叶状藻类和Palaeoaplysina 从冰库到温室的古气候变化导致的碳酸盐堆积中消失为代表。第三阶段（昆古期）的特征是亚热带盘古域碳酸盐岩堆积的急剧下降与其在华北和热带特提斯域的成功开发形成鲜明对比。第二阶段（Artinskian）以叶状藻类和Palaeoaplysina 从冰库到温室的古气候变化导致的碳酸盐堆积中消失为代表。第三阶段（昆古期）的特征是亚热带盘古域碳酸盐岩堆积的急剧下降与其在华北和热带特提斯域的成功开发形成鲜明对比。