Abstract This paper proposes a distributed strategy to control multiple battery energy storage systems (BESS) delivering fast frequency response in low-inertial power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources. A novel distributed control algorithm is designed to optimise the operation of an arbitrary number of BESS while incorporating frequency-related constraints to meet the service requirements of fast frequency response. The proposed algorithm uses a consensus-based alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) method to solve the formulated optimisation problem. Since the BESS contribution to the system frequency response depends on the BESS locations in the network, a location-dependent term is incorporated into the control strategy to account for the effect of BESS locations on the frequency response. Using a multi-agent system framework the proposed control strategy can be implemented in a distributed fashion to efficiently utilise and coordinate the flexibility of multiple storage systems. Simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of incorporating both a location term and frequency-related constraints into the control strategy to provide a cost-effective improved frequency response as well as the suitability of the proposed solution to coordinate a large and arbitrary number of BESS.

中文翻译：

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用于快速频率响应的电池储能系统的位置相关分布式控制

摘要 本文提出了一种分布式策略来控制多个电池储能系统 (BESS)，在具有高可再生能源渗透率的低惯性电力系统中提供快速频率响应。一种新颖的分布式控制算法旨在优化任意数量的 BESS 的运行，同时结合与频率相关的约束，以满足快速频率响应的服务需求。所提出的算法使用基于共识的乘法器交替方向法（ADMM）方法来解决公式化的优化问题。由于 BESS 对系统频率响应的贡献取决于网络中的 BESS 位置，因此将位置相关项纳入控制策略以说明 BESS 位置对频率响应的影响。使用多代理系统框架，可以以分布式方式实施所提出的控制策略，以有效利用和协调多个存储系统的灵活性。仿真研究证明了将位置项和与频率相关的约束合并到控制策略中的有效性，以提供具有成本效益的改进频率响应，以及所提出的解决方案对协调大量任意数量的 BESS 的适用性。