Biomass is a valuable renewable source of energy as an alternative to fossil fuels. The main barriers in biomass and biofuel development are feedstock high cost, lack of reliable supply, and uncertainties. A systematic review of comprehensive solution tools to overcome the biomass supply chain (BSC) planning challenges is critical for both academic research and industry. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of BSC modeling and optimization and identify future research directions. We reviewed 300 papers that have been published in the past 40 years on this topic to assess the various models of BSCs, their objective functions, solution approaches, and decision levels employed. Results show that researchers are motivated to use mixed integer programming models for BSC problems because of the complexities of nonlinear models, as well as the simplicity of the linear approaches. There is a lack of multi-objective optimization approaches to address the economic, social, and environmental issues simultaneously in BSC. Although factors such as the political regulation, governmental subsidy, impact of biomass and oil price and cost of raw material are uncertain, most studies formally treat only the supply and demand of biomass as uncertain parameters. It is highly recommended that an integrated and holistic model that consider all facilities in the whole BSC be developed and tested with real data. In addition, incorporating strategic, tactical, and operational decision levels in the model is suggested to address the challenges of incorporating day-to-day inventory control and fleet management issues.

生物质是一种有价值的可再生能源，可以替代化石燃料。生物质和生物燃料开发的主要障碍是原料成本高，缺乏可靠的供应以及不确定性。对克服生物质供应链（BSC）规划挑战的综合解决方案工具进行系统的审查对于学术研究和行业都至关重要。因此，本研究的目的是对BSC建模和优化进行系统的综述，并确定未来的研究方向。我们回顾了过去40年中有关该主题的300篇论文，以评估BSC的各种模型，其目标功能，解决方案和采用的决策水平。结果表明，由于非线性模型的复杂性以及线性方法的简单性，研究人员被激励使用混合整数规划模型来解决BSC问题。在BSC中，缺少同时解决经济，社会和环境问题的多目标优化方法。尽管政治法规，政府补贴，生物质的影响以及石油价格和原材料成本等因素尚不确定，但大多数研究正式将生物质的供求作为不确定参数。强烈建议开发一个综合的整体模型，考虑整个BSC中的所有设施，并使用真实数据进行测试。此外，将战略，战术，