RNA systems biology is marked by a myriad of cellular processes mediated by small and long non-coding RNAs. Small non-coding RNAs include siRNAs (small interfering RNAs), miRNAs (microRNAs), tRFs(tRNA derived fragments), and piRNAs (PIWI-interacting RNAs). piRNAs are vital for the maintenance of the germ-line integrity and repress the transposons either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally. Studies based on model organisms have shown that defects in the piRNA pathway exhibit impaired gametogenesis and loss of fertility. piRNA biogenesis is marked by transcription of precursor molecules and their subsequent processing in the cytoplasm to generate mature piRNAs. Their biogenesis is unique and complex, which involves non-canonical transcription and self-amplification mechanisms such as the ping-pong cycle. piRNA biogenesis is different in somatic and germ cells and involves the role of cytoplasmic granules in addition to mitochondria. In this review, we discuss the biogenesis and maturation of piRNAs in various cytoplasmic granules such as Yb and nuage bodies. Also, we review the role of P bodies, stress granules, and P granules, and membrane-bound compartments such as mitochondria and exosomes in piRNA biogenesis.

RNA系统生物学的特点是由小而长的非编码RNA介导的无数细胞过程。小型非编码RNA包括siRNA（小型干扰RNA），miRNA（microRNA），tRF（tRNA衍生片段）和piRNA（PIWI相互作用RNA）。piRNA对于维持种系完整性至关重要，并在转录或转录后抑制转座子。基于模型生物的研究表明，piRNA途径中的缺陷表现出配子发生受损和生育力丧失。piRNA生物发生的特征是前体分子的转录及其在细胞质中的后续加工以生成成熟的piRNA。它们的生物发生是独特而复杂的，涉及非经典转录和自我扩增机制，例如乒乓循环。piRNA的生物发生在体细胞和生殖细胞中有所不同，除线粒体外，还涉及细胞质颗粒的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了piRNA在各种细胞质颗粒（例如Yb和nuage体）中的生物发生和成熟。此外，我们审查了piRNA生物发生过程中P体，应激颗粒和P颗粒以及膜结合区室（例如线粒体和外来体）的作用。