Abstract This research focuses on implementing the low cost and rapid front face synchronous fluorescence (SyFS) in order to ensure the quality assurance of Greek milk. Specifically, samples originated from the Greek domestic production of goat, sheep, cow, as well as foreign cow milk samples and adulterated cow milk samples. SyFS spectra were acquired in the excitation area of 250–500 nm with (Δλ)= 100 nm. Greek and foreign cow milk samples were differentiated based on intensity variations at wavelengths 350–515 nm, 540–579 nm, and 580–600 nm. The emissions at these wavelength positions correspond to tryptophan, vitamin A, and riboflavin. The supervised model with 94 samples exhibited p-value = 7,98E-11, RMSEE= 0,29171, RMSEcv= 0,29284 and RMSEP= 0,98013, AUROC for Greek samples= 0,61 and AUROC for foreign= 0,85. We differentiated milk samples according to the animal type with PCA and OPLS-DA models of 107 samples exhibiting RMSEE= 0,225842, RMSEcv= 0,228054 and RMSEP= 0,518635, AUROC for sheep samples= 0,99, AUROC for goat samples= 0,98 and AUROC for cow samples= 0,96. In fact, the emission band 350–591 nm characterized sheep milk and corresponds to aminoacids and fatty acids, cow milk was related to the 350–600 nm emission band related to the b-carotene and to the goat milk the emission bands 350–505 nm and 520–600 nm were attributed to tryptophan, NADH and Rivoflabin. Finally, we investigated whether SyFS coupled with chemometrics may provide preliminary evidence on adulterated cow milk samples. All models were validated with permutation testing, p-values and ROC curves.

中文翻译：

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前脸同步荧光作为希腊牛奶质量保证的工具

摘要 本研究的重点是实施低成本、快速的前端同步荧光（SyFS）技术，以确保希腊牛奶的质量保证。具体来说，样品来源于希腊国内生产的山羊、绵羊、奶牛，以及外国牛奶样品和掺假牛奶样品。SyFS 光谱是在 250-500 nm 的激发区域获得的，（Δλ）= 100 nm。根据波长 350–515 nm、540–579 nm 和 580–600 nm 的强度变化区分希腊和外国牛奶样品。这些波长位置的发射对应于色氨酸、维生素 A 和核黄素。具有 94 个样本的监督模型显示 p 值 = 7,98E-11，RMSEE= 0,29171，RMSEcv= 0,29284 和 RMSEP= 0,98013，希腊样本的 AUROC= 0,61，外国样本的 AUROC= 0， 85. 我们使用 PCA 和 OPLS-DA 模型的 107 个样品根据动物类型区分牛奶样品，RMSEE= 0,225842，RMSEcv= 0,228054 和 RMSEP= 0,518635，绵羊样品的 AUROC= 0,99，山羊的 AUROC样本 = 0,98，奶牛样本的 AUROC = 0,96。事实上，350-591 nm 发射带表征羊奶并对应于氨基酸和脂肪酸，牛奶与 350-600 nm 发射带相关，与β-胡萝卜素相关，山羊奶发射带 350-505 nm 和 520–600 nm 归因于色氨酸、NADH 和 Rivoflabin。最后，我们调查了 SyFS 与化学计量学结合是否可以为掺假牛奶样品提供初步证据。所有模型都通过置换测试、p 值和 ROC 曲线进行了验证。