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Monitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009–2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope
The Astrophysical Journal ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-23 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d
Maciek Wielgus , Kazunori Akiyama , Lindy Blackburn , Chi-kwan Chan , Jason Dexter , Sheperd S. Doeleman , Vincent L. Fish , Sara Issaoun , Michael D. Johnson , Thomas P. Krichbaum , Ru-Sen 如森 Lu 路 , Dominic W. Pesce , George N. Wong , Geoffrey C. Bower , Avery E. Broderick , Andrew Chael , Koushik Chatterjee , Charles F. Gammie , Boris Georgiev , Kazuhiro Hada , Laurent Loinard , Sera Markoff , Daniel P. Marrone , Richard Plambeck , Jonathan Weintroub , Matthew Dexter , David H. E. MacMahon , Melvyn Wright , Antxon Alberdi , Walter Alef , Keiichi Asada , Rebecca Azulay , Anne-Kathrin Baczko , David Ball , Mislav Baloković , Enrico Barausse , John Barrett , Dan Bintley , Wilfred Boland , Katherine L. Bouman , Michael Bremer , Christiaan D. Brinkerink , Roger Brissenden , Silke Britzen , Dominique Broguiere , Thomas Bronzwaer , Do-Young Byun , John E. Carlstrom , Shami Chatterjee , Ming-Tang Chen , Yongjun 永军 Chen 陈 , Ilje Cho , Pierre Christian , John E. Conway , James M. Cordes , Geoffrey B. Crew , Yuzhu Cui , Jordy Davelaar , Mariafelicia De Laurentis , Roger Deane , Jessica Dempsey , Gregory Desvignes , Sergio A. Dzib , Ralph P. Eatough , Heino Falcke , Ed Fomalont , Raquel Fraga-Encinas , Per Friberg , Christian M. Fromm , Peter Galison , Roberto García , Olivier Gentaz , Ciriaco Goddi , Roman Gold , José L. Gómez , Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz , Minfeng 敏峰 Gu 顾 , Mark Gurwell , Michael H. Hecht , Ronald Hesper , Luis C. 子山 Ho 何 , Paul Ho , Mareki Honma , Chih-Wei L. Huang , Lei 磊 Huang 黄 , David H. Hughes , Makoto Inoue , David J. James , Buell T. Jannuzi , Michael Janssen , Britton Jeter , Wu 悟 Jiang 江 , Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales , Svetlana Jorstad , Taehyun Jung , Mansour Karami , Ramesh Karuppusamy , Tomohisa Kawashima , Garrett K. Keating , Mark Kettenis , Jae-Young Kim , Junhan Kim , Jongsoo Kim , Motoki Kino , Jun Yi Koay , Patrick M. Koch , Shoko Koyama , Michael Kramer , Carsten Kramer , Cheng-Yu Kuo , Tod R. Lauer , Sang-Sung Lee , Yan-Rong 彦荣 Li 李 , Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李 , Michael Lindqvist , Rocco Lico , Kuo Liu , Elisabetta Liuzzo , Wen-Ping Lo , Andrei P. Lobanov , Colin Lonsdale , Nicholas R. MacDonald , Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛 , Nicola Marchili , Alan P. Marscher , Iván Martí-Vidal , Satoki Matsushita , Lynn D. Matthews , Lia Medeiros , Karl M. Menten , Yosuke Mizuno , Izumi Mizuno , James M. Moran , Kotaro Moriyama , Monika Moscibrodzka , Cornelia Müller , Gibwa Musoke , Hiroshi Nagai , Neil M. Nagar , Masanori Nakamura , Ramesh Narayan , Gopal Narayanan , Iniyan Natarajan , Antonios Nathanail , Roberto Neri , Chunchong Ni , Aristeidis Noutsos , Hiroki Okino , Héctor Olivares , Gisela N. Ortiz-León , Tomoaki Oyama , Feryal Özel , Daniel C. M. Palumbo , Jongho Park , Nimesh Patel , Ue-Li Pen , Vincent Piétu , Aleksandar PopStefanija , Oliver Porth , Ben Prather , Jorge A. Preciado-López , Dimitrios Psaltis , Hung-Yi Pu , Venkatessh Ramakrishnan , Ramprasad Rao , Mark G. Rawlings , Alexander W. Raymond , Luciano Rezzolla , Bart Ripperda , Freek Roelofs , Alan Rogers , Eduardo Ros , Mel Rose , Arash Roshanineshat , Helge Rottmann , Alan L. Roy , Chet Ruszczyk , Benjamin R. Ryan , Kazi L. J. Rygl , Salvador Sánchez , David Sánchez-Arguelles , Mahito Sasada , Tuomas Savolainen , F. Peter Schloerb , Karl-Friedrich Schuster , Lijing Shao , Zhiqiang 志强 Shen 沈 , Des Small , Bong Won Sohn , Jason SooHoo , Fumie Tazaki , Paul Tiede , Remo P. J. Tilanus , Michael Titus , Kenji Toma , Pablo Torne , Tyler Trent , Efthalia Traianou , Sascha Trippe , Shuichiro Tsuda , Ilse van Bemmel , Huib Jan van Langevelde , Daniel R. van Rossum , Jan Wagner , John Wardle , Derek Ward-Thompson , Norbert Wex , Robert Wharton , Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴 , Doosoo Yoon , André Young , Ken Young , Ziri Younsi , Feng 峰 Yuan 袁 , Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁 , J. Anton Zensus , Guangyao Zhao , Shan-Shan Zhao , Ziyan Zhu

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature - a ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry - and to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ~40 uas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin.

中文翻译:

使用事件视界望远镜监测 2009-2017 年 M87* 的形态

事件视界望远镜 (EHT) 最近发布了 M87*(位于 M87 星系中心的超大质量黑洞)的第一张解析图像。这些图像是使用 2017 年 4 月进行的 230 GHz 观测生成的。需要额外的观察来研究主要图像特征的持久性 - 具有方位角亮度不对称的环 - 并量化事件视界尺度上的图像可变性。为了满足这一需求,我们分析了 2009 年、2011 年、2012 年和 2013 年使用原型 EHT 阵列收集的 M87* 数据。虽然这些观察没有包含足够的信息来生成图像,但它们足以约束简单的几何模型。我们基于用于 2017 EHT 数据分析的框架开发了一种建模方法,并使用合成数据验证了我们的程序。将相同的方法应用于观测数据集,我们发现 2009-2017 年的 M87* 形态与直径约 40 uas 的持久不对称环一致。峰值强度的位置角度随时间变化。特别是,我们发现 2013 年和 2017 年测量的位置角之间存在显着差异。这些变化与一般相对论磁流体动力学模拟子集的预测大体一致。我们表明,量化多个观测时期的可变性有可能限制源的物理特性,例如吸积状态或黑洞自旋。特别是,我们发现 2013 年和 2017 年测量的位置角之间存在显着差异。这些变化与一般相对论磁流体动力学模拟子集的预测大体一致。我们表明,量化多个观测时期的可变性有可能限制源的物理特性,例如吸积状态或黑洞自旋。特别是,我们发现 2013 年和 2017 年测量的位置角之间存在显着差异。这些变化与一般相对论磁流体动力学模拟子集的预测大体一致。我们表明,量化多个观测时期的可变性有可能限制源的物理特性,例如吸积状态或黑洞自旋。
更新日期:2020-09-23
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