African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of pigs and wild boar, and it threatens global food security. We aimed to identify suitable sample matrices for use in ASF surveillance programs. Six pigs inoculated with ASFV were sampled at postmortem. Blood, bone marrow, ear biopsies, and oral, nasal, and rectal swabs were taken from all pigs. All samples were analyzed using 3 real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays and a LAMP assay. ASFV was detected at > 10⁷ genome copies/mL in blood; bone marrow was found to provide the highest viral load. Ct values provided by the rtPCR assays were correlated, and ASFV was detected in all oral, nasal, and rectal swabs and in all ear biopsy samples irrespective of the location from which they were taken. The LAMP assay had lower sensitivity, and detected ASFV in 54 of 66 positive samples, but delivered positive results within 17 min. We identified additional sample matrices that can be considered depending on the sampling situation: bone marrow had a high probability of detection, which could be useful for decomposed carcasses. However, ear biopsies provide an appropriate, high-throughput sample matrix to detect ASFV and may be useful during surveillance programs.

非洲猪瘟（ASF）是猪和野猪的一种毁灭性病毒性疾病，威胁着全球粮食安全。我们的目的是确定用于非洲猪瘟监测项目的合适样本基质。对六头接种 ASFV 的猪进行尸检取样。从所有猪身上采集血液、骨髓、耳部活检以及口腔、鼻腔和直肠拭子。所有样品均使用 3 种实时 PCR (rtPCR) 测定和 LAMP 测定进行分析。血液中检测到 ASFV 基因组拷贝数 > 10 ^{7 个}拷贝/mL；发现骨髓提供最高的病毒载量。rtPCR 检测提供的 Ct 值是相关的，并且在所有口腔、鼻腔和直肠拭子以及所有耳部活检样本中均检测到了 ASFV，无论其采集位置如何。LAMP 检测的灵敏度较低，在 66 个阳性样本中的 54 个中检测到了 ASFV，但在 17 分钟内就得出了阳性结果。我们确定了可以根据采样情况考虑的其他样本矩阵：骨髓的检测概率很高，这可能对腐烂的尸体有用。然而，耳部活检提供了适当的高通量样本基质来检测 ASFV，并且可能在监测计划期间有用。