Unconventional oil and gas exploitation, which has developed in the UK since 2009, is regulated by four main agencies: The Oil and Gas Authority, the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety Executive and local Mineral Planning Authorities (usually county councils). The British Geological Survey only has an advisory role, as have ad hoc expert committees. I firstly define terms, and summarise the remits of the regulators and background history. Fourteen case histories are then discussed, comprising most of the unconventional exploitation to date; these cases demonstrate the failure of regulation of the geological aspects of fracking operations in the UK. The regulators let inadequacies in geological understanding, and even mendacious geological interpretations by the hydrocarbon operators slip through the net. There are potentially severe implications for environmental safety—if and when permits are granted. Geological pathways, if not properly understood and mitigated, may lead to long-term pollution of groundwater and surface water; methane and H₂S emissions. Induced earthquakes have not been well regulated. The case histories demonstrate a laissez-faire and frequently incompetent regulatory regime, devised for the pre-unconventional era, and which has no geological oversight or insight.

中文翻译：

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英国对页岩开发地质方面的监管不充分

自2009年以来在英国开发的非常规油气开采方法受到四个主要机构的监管：石油和天然气管理局，环境局，健康与安全执行局以及当地的矿产计划机构（通常是县议会）。英国地质调查局和特设专家委员会仅起到咨询作用。我首先定义术语，总结监管机构的职责和背景历史。然后讨论了十四个案例历史，包括迄今为止的大多数非常规利用。这些案例证明了英国对压裂作业地质方面法规的失败。监管者让地质认识上的不足，甚至碳氢化合物经营者的恶毒地质解释都漏网了。如果以及何时获得许可，对环境安全可能会产生严重影响。地质途径，如果得不到适当的理解和缓解，可能会导致地下水和地表水的长期污染；甲烷和H₂的排放量。诱发地震没有得到很好的管理。案例历史表明，是针对非常规前时代设计的自由放任和经常不称职的监管制度，没有地质监督或见识。