Abstract Fundamentally new characteristics and parameters can be achieved in systems for energy production and special applications by combining nuclear fusion and fission reactions in a single design. In the first decades of the atomic era, fusion-fission hybrid systems (FFHSs) were developed for military applications. The civilian use of hybrid systems in the energy sector, which was also foreseen by the creators of nuclear explosives, has proved to be much more difficult. This paper discusses the development of FFHSs: the initial stage from 1950 to 2000, the current stage from 2000 to 2020, and the long-term targets for 2020 to 2130.

中文翻译：

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融合-裂变混合系统：昨天、今天和明天

摘要 通过在单一设计中结合核聚变和裂变反应，可以在能源生产和特殊应用系统中实现新的特性和参数。在原子时代的最初几十年，聚变裂变混合系统 (FFHS) 被开发用于军事应用。事实证明，核炸药的制造者也预见到，在能源领域中民用混合系统要困难得多。本文讨论了 FFHS 的发展：1950 年至 2000 年的初始阶段，2000 年至 2020 年的现阶段，以及 2020 年至 2130 年的长期目标。