Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age‐related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.

中文翻译：

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体外和体内细胞衰老评估指南。

细胞衰老是一种生理机制，其中增殖细胞在受到损伤或压力时经历稳定的细胞周期停滞并引发分泌表型。这种高度动态和受调节的细胞状态在生理学中发挥着有益的作用，例如在胚胎发育和伤口愈合过程中，但它也可能导致与年龄相关的病理、退行性疾病、衰老和癌症的拮抗作用。为了更好地识别这种复杂状态，并且鉴于尚未确定通用标记，已经建立了一组描述衰老的通用标志。然而，随着衰老程序变得更加明确，出现了进一步的复杂性，包括表型异质性。这使细胞衰老的识别和评估显着复杂化，尤其是在复杂的组织和生物体内。为了应对这些挑战，目前正在为发现新的和更具体的生物标志物、优化组合策略和开发新兴检测技术做出大量努力。在这里，我们汇编了这些进展并提出了一个多因素指南，以识别和评估细胞培养物、组织和生物体中的细胞衰老。对衰老进行可靠的评估和鉴定不仅对于更好地了解其潜在生物学至关重要，而且对于开发针对临床衰老的诊断和治疗策略也必不可少。优化组合策略和新兴检测技术的发展。在这里，我们汇编了这些进展并提出了一个多因素指南，以识别和评估细胞培养物、组织和生物体中的细胞衰老。对衰老进行可靠的评估和鉴定不仅对于更好地了解其潜在生物学至关重要，而且对于开发针对临床衰老的诊断和治疗策略也必不可少。优化组合策略和新兴检测技术的发展。在这里，我们汇编了这些进展并提出了一个多因素指南，以识别和评估细胞培养物、组织和生物体中的细胞衰老。对衰老进行可靠的评估和鉴定不仅对于更好地了解其潜在生物学至关重要，而且对于开发针对临床衰老的诊断和治疗策略也必不可少。