Habitat selection patterns are density‐dependent under the Ideal Free Distribution,Journal of Animal Ecology

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Habitat selection patterns are density‐dependent under the Ideal Free Distribution
Journal of Animal Ecology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-12 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13352
Tal Avgar ₁ , Gustavo S Betini ₂ , John M Fryxell ₂

Affiliation

Abstract Despite being widely used, habitat selection models are rarely reliable and informative when applied across different ecosystems or over time. One possible explanation is that habitat selection is context‐dependent due to variation in consumer density and/or resource availability. The goal of this paper is to provide a general theoretical perspective on the contributory mechanisms of consumer and resource density‐dependent habitat selection, as well as on our capacity to account for their effects. Towards this goal we revisit the ideal free distribution (IFD), where consumers are assumed to be omniscient, equally competitive and freely moving, and are hence expected to instantaneously distribute themselves across a heterogeneous landscape such that fitness is equalised across the population. Although these assumptions are clearly unrealistic to some degree, the simplicity of the structure in IFD provides a useful theoretical vantage point to help clarify our understanding of more complex spatial processes. Of equal importance, IFD assumptions are compatible with the assumptions underlying common habitat selection models. Here we show how a fitness‐maximising space use model, based on IFD, gives rise to resource and consumer density‐dependent shifts in consumer distribution, providing a mechanistic explanation for the context‐dependent outcomes often reported in habitat selection analysis. Our model suggests that adaptive shifts in consumer distribution patterns would be expected to lead to nonlinear and often non‐monotonic patterns of habitat selection. These results indicate that even under the simplest of assumptions about adaptive organismal behaviour, habitat selection strength should critically depend on system‐wide characteristics. Clarifying the impact of adaptive behavioural responses may be pivotal in making meaningful ecological inferences about observed patterns of habitat selection and allow reliable transferability of habitat selection predictions across time and space.

中文翻译：

在理想自由分布下，栖息地选择模式与密度相关

摘要尽管栖息地选择模型被广泛使用，但当应用于不同的生态系统或随着时间的推移时，它很少可靠且信息丰富。一种可能的解释是，由于消费者密度和/或资源可用性的变化，栖息地选择取决于环境。本文的目的是提供一个关于消费者和资源密度依赖的栖息地选择的贡献机制的一般理论视角，以及我们解释其影响的能力。为了实现这一目标，我们重新审视理想的自由分配（IFD），即假设消费者是无所不知的、平等竞争的、自由流动的，因此期望能够立即将自己分布在异质的环境中，从而使整个人群的适应度是平等的。尽管这些假设在某种程度上显然不切实际，但 IFD 结构的简单性提供了有用的理论优势，有助于阐明我们对更复杂的空间过程的理解。同样重要的是，IFD 假设与常见栖息地选择模型的假设相一致。在这里，我们展示了基于 IFD 的适应最大化空间利用模型如何引起消费者分布中资源和消费者密度相关的变化，为栖息地选择分析中经常报告的环境相关结果提供了机械解释。我们的模型表明，消费者分布模式的适应性转变预计会导致栖息地选择的非线性且通常是非单调的模式。这些结果表明，即使在关于适应性有机行为的最简单的假设下，栖息地选择强度也应该主要取决于系统范围的特征。阐明适应性行为反应的影响可能对于对观察到的栖息地选择模式做出有意义的生态推论至关重要，并允许栖息地选择预测在时间和空间上的可靠可转移性。

更新日期：2020-10-12

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