Systems of Systems (SoS) encompass a group of distributed and independent systems. This class of systems requires recurrent adaptation at runtime owing to the uncertainty and variability of the runtime environment. Thus, during their execution, SoS can deviate from the initial specification, which is often a consequence of successive evolutions. This problem occurs mainly due to (a) weak communication between the SoS analysis stage and architecture stage and (b) the lack of links between the operational planning in the SoS analysis stage and systems that must be involved in the SoS architecture stage. This paper proposes a model‐based process that strengthens the links between the SoS analysis stage and the architecture stage in the wave life cycle. We ensure that the mission and role concepts for the SoS definition are sufficiently abstract to allow adaptation to the variability of the environment. This definition is translated into an abstract architecture that guides the choices of the system architect during the design and evolution stages. The proposed language is an adaptation of the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). Furthermore, we define a crowd management SoS to illustrate the process.

中文翻译：

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系统系统：从任务定义到架构描述

系统系统（SoS）包含一组分布式的独立系统。由于运行时环境的不确定性和可变性，此类系统需要在运行时进行周期性调整。因此，在执行过程中，SoS可能会偏离初始规范，而这通常是连续演进的结果。出现此问题的主要原因是（a）SoS分析阶段与体系结构阶段之间的通信较弱，以及（b）SoS分析阶段的运营计划与SoS体系结构阶段必须涉及的系统之间缺乏联系。本文提出了一种基于模型的流程，该流程可增强波浪生命周期中SoS分析阶段与架构阶段之间的联系。我们确保SoS定义的任务和角色概念足够抽象，以适应环境的可变性。该定义被转换为抽象体系结构，该体系结构指导系统架构师在设计和开发阶段的选择。提议的语言是对系统建模语言（SysML）的改编。此外，我们定义了人群管理SoS来说明该过程。