The development of system‐of‐systems (SoS) requires a continuous interplay between design decisions on the SoS level and those on the level of its constituent systems (CS), which often preexist and need to be adapted as the SoS evolves. This involves not only preparing the CS to participate in a particular SoS, but also designing the CS architecture to make it easily adaptable to a future SoS context. The problem is in part addressed in an emerging SoS framework in the manufacturing domain called Industry 4.0. It focuses on connected and digitalized production with the ambition of increasing flexibility and efficiency. This paper investigates how Industry 4.0 standards can be used in an SoS context to make CS more flexible and adaptive, and evaluates their usefulness outside manufacturing. The study is based on a case from the construction domain, for which a generic SoS architecture is developed. Several extensions and adaptations of Industry 4.0 are suggested, including specifications of ontologies for missions and workflows.

中文翻译：

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体系结构的体系结构及其组成部分：在建筑领域应用Industry 4.0的案例研究

系统级系统（SoS）的开发要求在SoS级别及其组成系统（CS）级别的设计决策之间存在持续的相互作用，而这些决策通常已经存在，并且需要随着SoS的发展而进行调整。这不仅涉及准备CS参与特定的SoS，还涉及设计CS体系结构以使其易于适应未来的SoS上下文。该问题在制造领域中称为Industry 4.0的新兴SoS框架中得到了部分解决。它着眼于互联和数字化生产，以提高灵活性和效率。本文研究了如何在SoS环境中使用Industry 4.0标准，以使CS更加灵活和适应性强，并评估了它们在制造之外的用途。该研究基于建筑领域的案例，为此开发了通用的SoS架构。建议对Industry 4.0进行一些扩展和改编，包括用于任务和工作流的本体规范。