Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio-economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest-land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem.

中文翻译：

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印度老虎保护的政治生态学：禁止保护区习惯做法的不利影响

保护区主要通过实际迁移人员对当地社区产生了重大影响。在某些情况下，由于国家无法驱逐人们，人们继续生活在保护区内。对生活在保护区内的人们的生计限制导致原地流离失所。我们展示了比利吉里·兰加斯瓦米寺老虎保护区的保护围栏如何培养出一类人，国家通过禁止使用火、狩猎和收获森林产品等习惯做法“让他们死去”。使用纵向人种学、社会经济和生态数据，我们证明保护政策已经疏远了土著森林居民与他们的农业和林地。保护政策的结果包括通过增加作物损失而造成的剥夺、农业和森林产品的收入减少，以及因灭火而杂草丛生的森林。特别是禁止狩猎增加了野生动物的密度，这使国家能够通过建立野生动物旅游设施来积累收入。总而言之，集中的保护区治理改变了人、森林和国家之间的关系，对生计和生态系统都产生了不利影响。