The present study attempts to provide implications on how transitions from forest administration-led joint forest management to more smallholder-based community forestry would be possible drawing on the recent situations on the island of Java in Indonesia. The P.39 2017 scheme is a community forestry approach under the jurisdiction of the State Forestry Corporation (SFC) in Java, with greater smallholder initiatives than the existing joint forest management program. The study consists of an institutional analysis and village case study related to the P.39 2017 scheme. Initial antagonism and resistance from local SFC staff were mitigated as the process advanced. Approximately half of the informant smallholders expected greater tenure security from the scheme. However, one third of informants had no idea about the scheme and, even among those who were interested, knowledge of the regulations was lacking. Complex realities of forestland encroachment by smallholders were also confirmed. These results suggest that 1) higher-rank officials’ understanding and positive attitudes can effectively facilitate democratic transitions and 2) existing de facto use of forestland should be considered for actual implementation of the scheme. The first step is to make necessary information and resources accessible to all participants. It is also important to create a governance structure to ensure an equitable and realistic process of reforestation considering existing complex situations of forestland cultivation, and to promote the engagement of supportive stakeholders to mobilize financial and technical resources.

本研究试图根据印度尼西亚爪哇岛的最新情况，说明如何实现由森林管理主导的联合森林管理向以小农户为基础的社区林业的转变。P.39 2017计划是爪哇国家林业公司（SFC）管辖下的社区林业方法，与现有的联合森林管理计划相比，小农户倡议更多。该研究包括与P.39 2017计划相关的制度分析和乡村案例研究。随着流程的进展，当地证监会工作人员最初的敌意和抵抗有所减轻。约半数知情的小农期望该计划提供更大的保有权保障。但是，三分之一的线人对这个计划一无所知，即使在那些感兴趣的人中，也缺乏对法规的了解。还确认了小农侵犯森林的复杂现实。这些结果表明，1）高级官员的理解和积极态度可以有效地促进民主过渡，以及2）该计划的实际执行应考虑实际使用林地。第一步是使所有参与者都可以获取必要的信息和资源。同样重要的是，建立一种治理结构，以确保考虑到现有林地种植的复杂情况，确保造林过程的公平和现实，并促进支持性利益相关者的参与，以动员财政和技术资源。