The high penetration of wind energy in electrical power systems presents challenges for all operators. For the wind farm (WF) planners, one of these challenges is optimizing its layout with a set of constraints. This paper proposes a bi-hierarchy optimization scheme to determine the capacity and layout of a grid-connected WF. The environmental impacts involved by the installation of a WF have been taken into consideration in the problem. The first-layer model optimizes the WF capacity and configuration with minimized comprehensive generation cost of wind energy and two sets of constraints. The sound pressure level ( SPL ) limit of the noise emitted by the wind turbines (WTs) is handled to be one of the constraints of the first-layer model. The second-layer model determines the generation schedule of other conventional generators. A Gaussian wake model is applied to calculate the effective wind speed for each WT. For the simulations, the WF is supposed to be integrated in the IEEE 30-bus test system. The wild goats algorithm (WGA) and the quadratic programming (QP) method are used to solve the problem. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed model and prove that environmental influences of WFs should not be ignored during the planning stage.

中文翻译：

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考虑环境影响的风电场双层次优化

风能在电力系统中的高渗透率给所有运营商带来了挑战。对于风电场（WF）规划人员来说，这些挑战之一是要在一系列约束条件下优化其布局。本文提出了一种双层次优化方案来确定并网WF的容量和布局。该问题已考虑到安装WF所涉及的环境影响。第一层模型以最小的风能综合发电成本和两组约束条件优化了WF容量和配置。声压级（ 声压级 ）将风力涡轮机（WTs）发出的噪声限制视为第一层模型的约束之一。第二层模型确定其他常规发电机的发电计划。应用高斯尾流模型来计算每个WT的有效风速。对于仿真，WF应该集成在IEEE 30总线测试系统中。解决方法是使用野山羊算法（WGA）和二次规划（QP）方法。仿真结果验证了所提模型的有效性，并证明了在规划阶段不应忽视WF的环境影响。