Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are promising for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to the compactness, high torque density, and high efficiency. However, poor thermal characterization leads to an oversizing of these machines, which ultimately compromises overall system efficiency. In this article, the transient thermal behavior of all the components in the single-sided AFPM machine is characterized in an accurate but computationally efficient lumped parameter thermal model (LPTM). For the first time, contact measurements on the rotor have been used in AFPM machines to demonstrate the ability of the model to predict all component temperatures within 4 °C for steady state. The mean temperature error over a load step transient was less than 5 °C with a maximum error of less than 13.5 °C that was for the winding. The model has a running time of approximately 1000 times faster than real time on a desktop machine and is suitable for integration into system simulation tools and predictive control strategies to avoid oversizing of the motor and improve the usage of the electric machine in dynamic duty cycles.

中文翻译：

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具有实验验证的单面 AFPM 机器的集总参数热模型

由于紧凑、高扭矩密度和高效率，轴向磁通永磁 (AFPM) 电机有望用于混合动力电动汽车 (HEV)。然而，不良的热特性会导致这些机器的尺寸过大，最终会影响整体系统效率。在本文中，单面 AFPM 机器中所有组件的瞬态热行为以准确但计算效率高的集总参数热模型 (LPTM) 为特征。AFPM 机器首次使用转子上的接触测量来证明该模型能够预测 4 °C 以内的所有部件温度以达到稳态。负载阶跃瞬态的平均温度误差小于 5°C，绕组的最大误差小于 13.5°C。