This study explored the biological properties of three wild growing Russula species (R. integra, R. rosea, R. nigricans) from Serbia. Compositional features and antioxidant, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities were analyzed. The studied mushroom species were identified as being rich sources of carbohydrates and of low caloric value. Mannitol was the most abundant free sugar and quinic and malic acids the major organic acids detected. The four tocopherol isoforms were found, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fat constituents. Regarding phenolic compounds, P-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids were identified in the prepared methanolic and ethanolic extracts, which displayed antioxidant activity through the inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation and oxidative hemolysis; the highest activity was attributed to the R. nigricans ethanolic extract. This is the first report on the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of the studied species, with the most promising activity observed towards Streptococcus spp. (0.20–0.78 mg/mL as the minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC). The most promising cytotoxic effect was caused by the R. integra methanolic extract on non-small cell lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). Therefore, due to the observed in vitro bioactive properties, the studied mushrooms arise as a source of functional ingredients with potential to be used in novel nutraceutical and drug formulations, which can be used in the treatment of various diseases and health conditions.

中文翻译：

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三种红菇属物种的抗氧化提取物表现出多种生物活性


本研究探讨了来自塞尔维亚的三种野生红菇物种（R. integra、R. Rosea、R. nigricans）的生物学特性。分析了成分特征以及抗氧化、抗菌、抗生物膜和细胞毒活性。研究的蘑菇品种被认为是碳水化合物的丰富来源且热量值低。甘露醇是最丰富的游离糖，奎尼酸和苹果酸是检测到的主要有机酸。发现了四种生育酚同工型，多不饱和脂肪酸是主要的脂肪成分。关于酚类化合物，在制备的甲醇和乙醇提取物中鉴定出对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸，它们通过抑制硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARS）的形成和氧化溶血而表现出抗氧化活性；最高活性归因于 R. nigricans 乙醇提取物。这是关于所研究物种的抗菌和抗生物膜潜力的第一份报告，其中观察到最有希望的针对链球菌属的活性。 （0.20–0.78 mg/mL 作为最低抑菌浓度，MIC）。最有希望的细胞毒性作用是由 R. integra 甲醇提取物对非小细胞肺癌细胞 (NCI-H460) 产生的。因此，由于观察到的体外生物活性特性，所研究的蘑菇作为功能成分的来源，有可能用于新型营养保健品和药物制剂，可用于治疗各种疾病和健康状况。