Tuberculosis (TB) misdiagnosis remains a public health concern, especially among people living with HIV (PLHIV), given the high mortality associated with missed TB diagnoses. The main objective of this study was to describe the all-cause mortality, TB incidence rates and their associated risk factors in a cohort of PLHIV with presumptive TB in whom TB was initially ruled out. We retrospectively followed a cohort of PLHIV with presumptive TB over a 2 year-period in a rural district in Southern Mozambique. During the study period 382 PLHIV were followed-up. Mortality rate was 6.8/100 person-years (PYs) (95% CI 5.2–9.2) and TB incidence rate was 5.4/100 PYs (95% CI 3.9–7.5). Thirty-six percent of deaths and 43% of TB incident cases occurred in the first 12 months of the follow up. Mortality and TB incidence rates in the 2-year period after TB was initially ruled out was very high. The TB diagnostic work-up and linkage to HIV care should be strengthened to decrease TB burden and all-cause mortality among PLHIV with presumptive TB.

结核病 (TB) 误诊仍然是一个公共卫生问题，尤其是艾滋病毒感染者 (PLHIV)，因为结核病漏诊导致死亡率很高。本研究的主要目的是描述最初排除结核病的疑似结核病感染者队列中的全因死亡率、结核病发病率及其相关危险因素。我们对莫桑比克南部农村地区一组疑似患有结核病的艾滋病病毒感染者进行了为期两年的回顾性随访。在研究期间，对 382 名艾滋病病毒感染者进行了随访。死亡率为 6.8/100 人年 (PYs) (95% CI 5.2–9.2)，结核病发病率为 5.4/100 PYs (95% CI 3.9–7.5)。 36% 的死亡和 43% 的结核病病例发生在随访的前 12 个月内。最初排除结核病后两年内的死亡率和结核病发病率非常高。应加强结核病诊断检查和与艾滋病毒护理的联系，以降低疑似结核病感染者的结核病负担和全因死亡率。