Protection and restoration of species in the wild may require conservation breeding programs under genetic management to minimize deleterious effects of genetic changes that occur in captivity, while preserving populations' genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience. Here, through interannual pedigree analyses, we first assessed the efficiency of a 21-year genetic management, including minimization of mean kinship, inbreeding avoidance, and regular addition of founders, of a conservation breeding program targeting on Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in Morocco. Secondly, we compared pedigree analyses, the classical way of assessing and managing genetic diversity in captivity, to molecular analyses based on seven microsatellites. Pedigree-based results indicated an efficient maintenance of the genetic diversity (99% of the initial genetic diversity retained) while molecular-based results indicated an increase in allelic richness and an increase in unbiased expected heterozygosity across time. The pedigree-based average inbreeding coefficient F remained low (between 0.0004 and 0.003 in 2017) while the proportion of highly inbred individuals (p > .1) decreased over time and reached 0.2% in 2017. Furthermore, pedigree-based F and molecular-based individual multilocus heterozygosity were weakly negatively correlated, (Pearson's r = -.061 when considering all genotyped individuals), suggesting that they cannot be considered as alternatives, but rather as complementary sources of information. These findings suggest that a strict genetic monitoring and management, based on both pedigree and molecular tools can help mitigate genetic changes and allow to preserve genetic diversity and evolutionary resilience in conservation breeding programs.

中文翻译：

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基于谱系和分子分析的摩洛哥 houbara 鸨（Chlamydotis undulata undulata）保护育种计划的遗传评估

野生物种的保护和恢复可能需要在遗传管理下进行保护育种计划，以最大限度地减少圈养环境中发生的遗传变化的有害影响，同时保持种群的遗传多样性和进化恢复力。在这里，通过年度谱系分析，我们首先评估了一项针对 Houbara 鸨（Chlamydotis undulata undulata）的保护育种计划的 21 年遗传管理效率，包括平均亲属关系的最小化、近亲繁殖的避免和创始人的定期添加。摩洛哥。其次，我们将谱系分析（评估和管理圈养遗传多样性的经典方法）与基于七颗微卫星的分子分析进行了比较。基于谱系的结果表明遗传多样性的有效维持（保留了初始遗传多样性的 99%），而基于分子的结果表明等位基因丰富度和无偏预期杂合性随时间增加。基于谱系的平均近交系数 F 仍然很低（2017 年在 0.0004 和 0.003 之间），而高度近交个体的比例（p > .1）随着时间的推移而下降，2017 年达到 0.2%。此外，基于谱系的 F 和分子-基于个体多位点杂合性的弱负相关，（考虑所有基因型个体时，Pearson's r = -.061），表明它们不能被视为替代品，而是作为信息的补充来源。这些发现表明，严格的基因监测和管理，