During the Late Iron Age, early Nguni-speaking farmers entered and moved across the region of the lower Thukela uplands through frequent, short-range episodes of population movement. As they did so, they innovated new food production technology, altered the landscape, and adapted to ecological conditions. The article presents comparative historical linguistic evidence for the history of farming and interaction with the environment among Nguni-speakers between c. 900–1052 CE. Analysis shows the ways Nguni-speaking farmers responded to environmental conditions through landscape engineering and social engineering, including population dispersal.

中文翻译：

---

南非晚铁器时代恩古尼语者的粮食生产、环境和流动性

在铁器时代晚期，讲恩古尼语的早期农民通过频繁的短程人口流动进入并穿越图克拉低地高地地区。在这样做的同时，他们创新了新的食品生产技术，改变了景观，并适应了生态条件。这篇文章提供了c.之间的 Nguni-speakers 农业历史和与环境相互作用的比较历史语言证据。公元 900-1052 年。分析显示了讲恩古尼语的农民通过景观工程和社会工程（包括人口分散）对环境条件做出反应的方式。