Abstract Although not unequivocal, a general viewpoint based on earlier research is that the ability-speed relationship in reasoning tasks is likely to be zero or slightly positive ( Carroll, 1993 ; Kyllonen, 1985 ). Yet, more recent studies ( Goldhammer & Klein Entink, 2011 ; Scherer, Greiff, & Hautamaki, 2015 ; Shaw, Oswald, Elizondo, & Wadlington, 2014 ) adopting the conjoint item response theory (CIRT) modeling approach ( van der Linden, 2006 , van der Linden, 2007 ) have found this relationship to be negative and moderate-to-large in size. Attempting to address such mixed findings, the current article proposes and examines the moderating effects of test situation and personality on the exhibited ability-speed relationship possibly via influencing test takers' choices of speed-accuracy tradeoff. Based on a sample of N = 300 working adults who completed a reasoning test and a personality assessment in a high-stakes selection context, we modeled item responses and response times as well as two personality traits (Conscientiousness and Neuroticism) in CIRT. In line with the overall conclusion by Carroll (1993) , our results revealed a nearly zero ability-speed correlation. Comparing this finding to the negative correlations found in other CIRT studies, we contend that these negative relationships were likely due to low test-taking motivation in low-stakes contexts and that test situations matter in intelligence testing. Additionally, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism were found to be negatively related to speed but not ability on the test. Study implications, limitations, and future research needs are discussed.

中文翻译：

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推理，快与慢：非认知因素如何改变能力-速度关系

摘要 虽然不是明确的，但基于早期研究的普遍观点是推理任务中的能力-速度关系可能为零或略为正（Carroll，1993；Kyllonen，1985）。然而，最近的研究（Goldhammer 和 Klein Entink，2011 年；Scherer、Greiff 和 Hautamaki，2015 年；Shaw、Oswald、Elizondo 和 Wadlington，2014 年）采用了联合项目响应理论 (CIRT) 建模方法（van der Linden，2006 年） , van der Linden, 2007 ) 发现这种关系是负的，大小为中到大。试图解决这种混合的发现，本文提出并检验了测试情境和性格对表现出的能力-速度关系的调节作用，可能是通过影响考生对速度-准确度权衡的选择。基于 N = 300 名在高风险选择环境中完成推理测试和人格评估的在职成年人样本，我们对 CIRT 中的项目响应和响应时间以及两个人格特征（尽责性和神经质）进行了建模。与 Carroll (1993) 的总体结论一致，我们的结果显示能力-速度相关性几乎为零。将这一发现与其他 CIRT 研究中发现的负相关性进行比较，我们认为这些负相关关系可能是由于低风险环境中的低应试动机以及测试情况在智力测试中很重要。此外，责任心和神经质被发现与速度呈负相关，但与测试能力无关。讨论了研究意义、局限性和未来的研究需求。