In recent years, scientists studying the molecular mechanisms of inflammation have discovered an amazing phenomenon – the inflammasome – a component of the innate immune system that can regulate the functional activity of effector cells during inflammation. At present, it is known that inflammasomes are multimolecular complexes (cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system) that contain many copies of receptors recognizing the molecular structures of cell-damaging factors and pathogenic agents. Inflammasomes are mainly formed in myeloid cells, and their main function is participation in the cleavage of the pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 cytokines into their biologically active forms (IL-1β, IL-18). Each type of microorganism influences particular inflammasome activation, and long-term exposure of the organism to viruses, bacteria, yeasts or parasites, among others, can induce uncontrolled inflammation and autoinflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review aims to present the most current scientific data on the molecular interplay between inflammasomes and particular microorganisms. Knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the interaction between the host and certain types of microorganisms could contribute to the individuation of innovative strategies for the treatment of uncontrolled inflammation targeting a specific type of inflammasome activated by a specific type of pathogen.

近年来，研究炎症分子机制的科学家们发现了一个惊人的现象——炎症小体——先天免疫系统的一个组成部分，可以在炎症过程中调节效应细胞的功能活动。目前，已知炎症小体是多分子复合物（先天免疫系统的胞质多蛋白寡聚体），其中包含许多受体拷贝，可识别细胞损伤因子和病原体的分子结构。炎性小体主要在骨髓细胞中形成，其主要功能是参与将 pro-IL-1β 和 pro-IL-18 细胞因子裂解为具有生物活性的形式（IL-1β、IL-18）。每种类型的微生物都会影响特定的炎症小体激活，以及生物体长期暴露于病毒、细菌、酵母菌或寄生虫等可诱发不受控制的炎症和自身炎症性疾病。因此，本综述旨在提供有关炎症小体和特定微生物之间分子相互作用的最新科学数据。关于负责宿主与某些类型微生物之间相互作用的机制的知识可能有助于创新策略的个性化，以治疗针对由特定类型病原体激活的特定类型炎症小体的不受控制的炎症。