Previous studies have recognized the importance of social dimensions of ecosystem services and their incorporation into planning processes. However, understanding how people’s management preferences relate to their perceptions of ecosystem services and biodiversity still needs further exploration in different geographical contexts. We aimed to examine spatial patterns and relationships between perceived ecosystem services, biodiversity and management preferences to illuminate possible synergies and trade-offs between them, and their relationships to protected areas. Empirical data on perceptions of eleven ecosystem services, biodiversity, and seven management preferences were collected using a paper-based participatory mapping technique in a case study in Khorasan Razavi, Iran.

The results revealed that provisioning service hotspots were moderately associated with biodiversity (r = 0.39) and cultural service hotspots (r = 0.54), while cultural and biodiversity hotspots showed to be more highly associated (r = 0.71). The hotspot areas for development preferences had low spatial overlap with provisioning hotspots (r = 0.32) and high overlap with conservation preference hotspots (r = 0.66). The majority of service and biodiversity hotspots were located inside protected areas, which indicates that protected areas provide resources that support local livelihoods and social well-being. The findings provide an appropriate foundation for incorporating social perceptions, deriving from needs and interests of local communities, into planning and management.

先前的研究已经认识到生态系统服务的社会层面及其将其纳入规划过程的重要性。但是，要了解人们的管理偏好与他们对生态系统服务和生物多样性的看法有何关系，仍然需要在不同的地理环境中进行进一步的探索。我们旨在检查空间格局以及生态系统服务，生物多样性和管理偏好之间的关系，以阐明它们之间可能的协同作用和权衡，以及它们与保护区的关系。在伊朗霍拉桑·拉扎维（Hhorasan Razavi）的案例研究中，使用基于纸张的参与式绘图技术，收集了有关11种生态系统服务，生物多样性和7种管理偏好的感知的经验数据。

结果表明，供应服务热点与生物多样性（r = 0.39）和文化服务热点（r = 0.54）有中等程度的关联，而文化和生物多样性热点显示出更高的关联度（r = 0.71）。用于发展偏好的热点区域与预配置热点的空间重叠较低（r = 0.32），而与保护偏好热点的重叠空间较高（r = 0.66）。大多数服务和生物多样性热点都位于保护区内，这表明保护区提供的资源可支持当地的生计和社会福祉。研究结果为将源自当地社区的需求和利益的社会观念纳入规划和管理提供了适当的基础。