Abstract Urban-industrial restoration of complex native vegetation, such as grassland-forest mosaics could counteract land degradation and help develop methodology for larger scale complex restorations. We have studied the impact of grassland reconstruction techniques, the resulting biotic conditions, plus abiotic conditions on early woody survival in a forest-steppe reconstruction at an urban-industrial site. The study area is situated at the factory of the LEGO Group, Nyiregyhaza in the acidic inland sand dune region of Nyirseg, NE Hungary, Europe. Over 10,000 undercut 1-2-year-old saplings of 16 tree and shrub species were planted in patches of various size in November 2015 at ca. 20% of the restoration area. Specific plans were developed for each woody patch within the restored grassland. Tree and shrub survival was counted for all saplings in all patches in the summer of 2016. Vegetation height, cover of herb-layer, and elevation a.m.s.l. were estimated for each woody patch and soils were characterized for each restoration parcel. First year woody survival rates ranged between 4 and 66% for the different species. Only vegetation height had an overall negative impact on woody survival and seven species reflected some (often contradictory) impacts of the studied environmental variables. In our interpretation this shows that woody survival was basically independent of the grassland reconstruction techniques, but also that the management of the herb-layer of new woody plantations can be crucial in long-term maintenance. Our results support that the reconstruction of complex native habitats with a park-like appearance is a viable alternative to landscaping in industrial areas that can counteract land degradation and increase green infrastructure connectivity. The methods applied can be transferred to larger-scale restoration with modifications.

中文翻译：

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第一年木本生存支持森林草原重建作为工业区景观的替代方案的可行性

摘要 复杂原生植被的城市-工业恢复，如草地-森林马赛克可以抵消土地退化，并有助于开发更大规模复杂恢复的方法。我们研究了草原重建技术、由此产生的生物条件以及非生物条件对城市工业区森林草原重建中早期木本植物生存的影响。研究区位于欧洲匈牙利东北部 Nyirseg 酸性内陆沙丘区 Nyiregyhaza 的乐高集团工厂。2015 年 11 月，大约 16 种乔木和灌木的 10,000 多株 1-2 年生树苗种植在不同大小的斑块中。恢复面积的20%。为恢复的草地内的每个木质斑块制定了具体的计划。对 2016 年夏季所有斑块中所有树苗的乔木和灌木存活进行了计数。估算了每个木质斑块的植被高度、草本层覆盖率和海拔 amsl，并对每个恢复地块的土壤进行了表征。不同物种的第一年木本存活率介于 4% 和 66% 之间。只有植被高度对木本生存产生总体负面影响，七个物种反映了所研究环境变量的一些（通常是相互矛盾的）影响。在我们的解释中，这表明木本生存基本上独立于草地重建技术，而且新木本人工林草本层的管理对于长期维护至关重要。我们的结果支持重建具有公园般外观的复杂原生栖息地是工业区景观美化的可行替代方案，可以抵消土地退化并增加绿色基础设施的连通性。应用的方法可以通过修改转移到更大规模的修复中。