Abstract Ideal lithium/sodium storage requires a simple and effective design of carbon-based anodes with appropriate morphologies/microstructures and excellent flexibility. Herein, an advanced flexible interpenetrating network carbon membrane with 3D hierarchical nanopore structure is designed and fabricated inspired by porous membrane technology via nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and carbonization. The interpenetrating network structure in the carbon membrane is generated by the NIPS membrane formation process, while the 3D hierarchical nano-porous structure is obtained from polymer decomposition during carbonization. The unique synergistic effect between the even interpenetrating network structure and the developed 3D hierarchical porous structure not only ensured structural integrity of the anodes and provided a high-volume ion transmission reservoir, but also endowed carbon membranes with multiple active sites for energy storage. As flexible anodes, the resulting carbon membranes achieved enhanced electrochemical properties by showing maximum reversible capacitance of 351.8 mA h g―1 in lithium storage and 237.4 mA h g―1 in SIBs at a current density of 50 mA g―1. In both LIBs and SIBs, the carbon membranes exhibit outstanding rate performance even at a high current density of 2000 mA g―1. They also show excellent long-term cycling stability with the coulomb efficiency maintained nearly 100% after the first few cycles. Therefore, this work provides a simple and high-effective cross-disciplinary approach through membrane technology and carbon materials for the production of high-performance, low-cost carbon membranes for large-scale application anodes.

中文翻译：

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高效制备 3D 分层纳米多孔互穿网络结构碳膜作为用于稳定锂和钠存储的柔性独立阳极

摘要 理想的锂/钠存储需要简单有效的碳基负极设计，具有适当的形态/微观结构和出色的柔韧性。在此，受多孔膜技术的启发，通过非溶剂诱导相分离（NIPS）和碳化，设计并制造了一种具有 3D 分层纳米孔结构的先进柔性互穿网络碳膜。碳膜中的互穿网络结构是通过 NIPS 成膜过程产生的，而 3D 分层纳米多孔结构是通过碳化过程中的聚合物分解获得的。均匀互穿网络结构与发达的 3D 分层多孔结构之间独特的协同效应不仅确保了阳极的结构完整性并提供了大容量的离子传输库，而且还赋予碳膜多个活性位点以进行能量存储。作为柔性阳极，所得碳膜通过在 50 mA g-1 的电流密度下在锂存储中显示 351.8 mA hg-1 的最大可逆电容和在 SIB 中显示 237.4 mA hg-1 的最大可逆电容来实现增强的电化学性能。在LIBs和SIBs中，碳膜即使在2000 mA g-1的高电流密度下也表现出出色的倍率性能。它们还显示出优异的长期循环稳定性，在最初的几个循环后库仑效率保持近 100%。所以，