Freshwater coastal wetlands provide numerous ecosystem services, including habitat, nutrient uptake, coastal stabilization, and aesthetic value, but the integrity of these ecosystems is threatened by invasion of non-native competitors. Invasive species, such as Phragmites and Typha, are a concern in these wetlands, as they can dominate and outcompete native species. This work sets out to understand the conditions that allow invasive species to dominate. This will allow for better management of landscapes and wetlands. We bring together two datasets to relate landscape conditions to coastal wetland invasion: (1) a spatially explicit map of nutrient inputs (SENSEmap) across the US Great Lakes Basin, and (2) a satellite land use map that includes explicit classifications of wetlands. Using machine learning algorithms, we quantified correlations between wetland plant invasion along the coastline to nutrient loads (both N and P) and other landscape scale variables (hydraulic conductivity, slope, imperviousness, land use, and land cover) across multiple influence zones. We find that high invasion is typically associated with nitrogen loading above 118 kg/ha/year within the watersheds of the invaded wetlands. Forest cover of 2.6% and phosphorus loads < 2.8 kg/ha/year are associated with low invasion. Through N:P ratios, phosphorus was further identified as important. Overall, areas more anthropogenically impacted were more associated with invasion. We conclude that high nitrogen and low forest cover are correlated with invasion. These conclusions will inform management, as well as future efforts to identify linkages between landscapes and coastal invasion.

中文翻译：

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量化美国五大湖流域因素与沿海湿地植物入侵之间的联系

淡水沿海湿地提供多种生态系统服务，包括栖息地、养分吸收、海岸稳定和美学价值，但这些生态系统的完整性受到非本土竞争者入侵的威胁。芦苇和香蒲等入侵物种是这些湿地中的一个问题，因为它们可以主导并胜过本地物种。这项工作旨在了解允许入侵物种占主导地位的条件。这将有助于更好地管理景观和湿地。我们汇集了两个数据集，将景观条件与沿海湿地入侵联系起来：（1）美国五大湖盆地营养输入的空间明确图（SENSEmap），以及（2）包括湿地明确分类的卫星土地利用图。使用机器学习算法，我们量化了沿海岸线的湿地植物入侵与养分负荷（N 和 P）和其他景观尺度变量（水力传导率、坡度、不渗透性、土地利用和土地覆盖）之间跨多个影响区的相关性。我们发现，高入侵通常与入侵湿地流域内超过 118 公斤/公顷/年的氮负荷有关。2.6% 的森林覆盖率和 < 2.8 kg/ha/年的磷负荷与低入侵相关。通过 N:P 比率，磷被进一步确定为重要的。总体而言，受人为影响更大的地区与入侵更相关。我们得出结论，高氮和低森林覆盖率与入侵相关。这些结论将为管理以及未来确定景观与沿海入侵之间的联系的努力提供信息。