Purpose

In 2007 the two senior authors wrote a review on the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (Weinbaum in Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167, 2007). Since then there has been an explosion of interest in this hydrated gel-like structure that coats the luminal surface of endothelial cells that line our vasculature due to its important functions in (A) basic vascular physiology and (B) vascular related diseases. This review will highlight the major advances that have occurred since our 2007 paper.

Methods

A literature search mainly focusing on the role of the glycocalyx in the two major areas described above was performed using electronic databases.

Results

In part (A) of this review, the new formulation of the century old Starling principle, now referred to as the Michel–Weinbaum glycoclayx model or revised Starling hypothesis, is described including new subtleties and physiological ramifications. New insights into mechanotransduction and release of nitric oxide due to fluid shear stress sensed by the glycocalyx are elaborated. Major advances in understanding the organization and function of glycocalyx components, and new techniques for measuring both its thickness and spatio-chemical organization based on super resolution, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are presented. As discussed in part (B) of this review, it is now recognized that artery wall stiffness associated with hypertension and aging induces glycocalyx degradation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. In addition to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the glycocalyx plays an important role in lifestyle related diseases (e.g., diabetes) and cancer. Infectious diseases including sepsis, Dengue, Zika and Corona viruses, and malaria also involve the glycocalyx. Because of increasing recognition of the role of the glycocalyx in a wide range of diseases, there has been a vigorous search for methods to protect the glycocalyx from degradation or to enhance its synthesis in disease environments.

Conclusion

As we have seen in this review, many important developments in our basic understanding of GCX structure, function and role in diseases have been described since the 2007 paper. The future is wide open for continued GCX research.

中文翻译：

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糖萼及其在血管生理学和血管相关疾病中的作用。

目的

2007 年，两位资深作者撰写了一篇关于内皮糖萼层结构和功能的综述（Weinbaum in Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:121–167, 2007）。从那时起，人们对这种水合凝胶状结构产生了浓厚的兴趣，这种结构覆盖了我们脉管系统内皮细胞的管腔表面，因为它在 (A) 基本血管生理学和 (B) 血管相关疾病中具有重要功能。这篇综述将重点介绍自 2007 年论文以来取得的主要进展。

方法

使用电子数据库进行了主要关注糖萼在上述两个主要领域中的作用的文献检索。

结果

在这篇评论的 (A) 部分中，描述了百年史达林原理的新公式，现在称为 Michel-Weinbaum 糖粘土模型或修订的 Starling 假说，包括新的微妙之处和生理学分支。详细阐述了由于糖萼感应到的流体剪切应力引起的一氧化氮的机械转导和释放的新见解。介绍了在理解糖萼组分的组织和功能方面取得的重大进展，以及基于超分辨率、随机光学重建显微镜 (STORM) 测量其厚度和空间化学组织的新技术。正如本综述 (B) 部分所讨论的，现在人们认识到与高血压和衰老相关的动脉壁僵硬会导致糖萼降解、内皮功能障碍和血管疾病。除了动脉粥样硬化和心血管疾病，糖萼在生活方式相关疾病（例如糖尿病）和癌症中也起着重要作用。包括败血症、登革热、寨卡病毒和冠状病毒在内的传染病以及疟疾也涉及糖萼。由于人们越来越认识到糖萼在多种疾病中的作用，因此一直在积极寻找保护糖萼免于降解或增强其在疾病环境中合成的方法。

结论

正如我们在这篇综述中所看到的，自 2007 年的论文以来，我们对 GCX 结构、功能和在疾病中的作用的基本理解方面的许多重要进展已经被描述。继续进行 GCX 研究的未来是广阔的。