Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. It is caused by synaptic failure and excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins. To date, almost all advanced clinical trials on specific AD-related pathways have failed mostly due to a large number of neurons lost in the brain of patients with AD. Also, currently available drug candidates intervene too late. Stem cells have improved characteristics of self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and recombination with the advent of stem cell technology and the transformation of these cells into different types of central nervous system neurons and glial cells. Stem cell treatment has been successful in AD animal models. Recent preclinical studies on stem cell therapy for AD have proved to be promising. Cell replacement therapies, such as human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells, have the potential to treat patients with AD, and human clinical trials are ongoing in this regard. However, many steps still need to be taken before stem cell therapy becomes a clinically feasible treatment for human AD and related diseases. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of AD and the application prospects of related stem cells based on cell type.

中文翻译：

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阿尔茨海默病的干细胞疗法。


阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，其特征是记忆丧失和认知障碍。它是由突触衰竭和错误折叠蛋白质过度积累引起的。迄今为止，几乎所有针对特定 AD 相关通路的高级临床试验都失败了，主要原因是 AD 患者大脑中大量神经元丢失。此外，目前可用的候选药物干预得太晚了。随着干细胞技术的出现以及将这些细胞转化为不同类型的中枢神经系统神经元和神经胶质细胞，干细胞具有改善的自我更新、增殖、分化和重组的特性。干细胞治疗在 AD 动物模型中取得了成功。最近关于干细胞治疗 AD 的临床前研究已被证明是有希望的。细胞替代疗法，例如人类胚胎干细胞或诱导多能干细胞衍生的神经细胞，有潜力治疗AD患者，这方面的人体临床试验正在进行中。然而，在干细胞疗法成为人类 AD 及相关疾病的临床可行治疗方法之前，仍需要采取许多步骤。本文根据细胞类型对AD的病理生理学及相关干细胞的应用前景进行综述。