Sequence data of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and nuclear ITS2 region were used to assess genetic diversity, intraspecific phylogeography and population genetic structure of the oak gall wasp Andricus chodjaii from Turkey. We examined 293 individuals from 21 localities which generated 57 cyt b haplotypes and 8 ITS2 alleles. The average genetic diversity was 0.575 for cyt b and 0.202 ITS2, and the average nucleotide diversity 0.015 for cyt b gene and 0.001 for the ITS2 region. Phylogenetic analyses of cyt b haplotypes produced mostly similar topologies with geographically significant groupings. The ITS2 data provided less resolution without robust and apparent geographic structure. Population demographic analysis indicated that some eastern populations expanded, however, some others underwent either expansion or decline resulting in genetically structured populations. Molecular clock applied to the mtDNA data indicated that ingroup haplotypes diversified from the outgroup haplotypes around Early Pliocene. Further diversification events throughout Pleistocene resulted in major clade formations. It appears that geographic formations and glacial and interglacial cycles of Pleistocene were crucial for shaping the phylogeographic structure of A. chodjaii in Turkey.

中文翻译：

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从线粒体和核 DNA 序列推断土耳其橡树瘿蜂 Andricus chodjaii（膜翅目：Cynipidae）的种群遗传结构和系统地理学

利用线粒体细胞色素 b 基因和核 ITS2 区域的序列数据来评估土耳其橡树瘿蜂 Andricus chodjaii 的遗传多样性、种内系统地理学和种群遗传结构。我们检查了来自 21 个地点的 293 个个体，这些个体产生了 57 个细胞色素 b 单倍型和 8 个 ITS2 等位基因。cyt b基因的平均遗传多样性为0.575，ITS2为0.202，cyt b基因的平均核苷酸多样性为0.015，ITS2区域的平均核苷酸多样性为0.001。cyt b 单倍型的系统发育分析产生了大部分具有地理意义分组的相似拓扑。ITS2 数据提供的分辨率较低，没有可靠和明显的地理结构。人口统计分析表明，一些东部人口增加了，但是，其他一些经历了扩张或下降，导致了基因结构的种群。应用于 mtDNA 数据的分子钟表明，在上新世早期，内群单倍型从外群单倍型多样化。整个更新世的进一步多样化事件导致了主要的进化枝形成。似乎更新世的地理构造以及冰期和间冰期循环对于塑造土耳其 A. chodjaii 的系统地理学结构至关重要。