The issue of cross‐ or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad‐scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4‐D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4‐D co‐occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross‐ or multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4‐D‐sensitive and in 2,4‐D‐resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies.

中文翻译：

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欧洲四个国家的罂粟对2,4-D和乙酰乳酸合酶抑制剂的多重耐药性

在欧洲四个国家的常见杂草Papaver rhoeas L.中研究了对乙酰乳酸合酶（ALS）抑制剂和生长素除草剂2,4-D的交叉或多重抗性问题，该研究在四个欧洲国家进行了大规模研究国家。在27个P.rhoeas种群上进行了除草剂敏感性生物测定和针对抗性相关突变的分子测定的结合来自希腊（9），意大利（5），法国（10）和西班牙（3）。在所分析的27个种群中，有25个种群中有25个观察到对2,4‐D田间抗药性的植物，频率范围为5％至85％。在27个种群中有24个种群对ALS抑制除草剂（磺酰脲类）产生抗性，频率为4％至100％。在23个种群中，对2,4‐D具有抗性的植物与对磺酰脲类具有抗性的植物同时存在。在其中四个中，对2,4-D和磺酰脲具有交叉或多重抗性的植物存在的可能性高于0.5。对来自田间种群或其后代的植物进行ALS基因分型，确定了在2,4-D敏感和2,4-D抗性植物中Pro197或Trp574密码子处携带突变的ALS等位基因。后一种情况证实了对2的多重抵抗 在所有四个国家中，单个植物水平上的4-D和ALS抑制剂。这项研究是首次鉴定出具有多重抗性的植物P.rhoeas，一种在其他杂草物种中很少评估的属性，但在设计化学防治策略中具有重要意义。