The history of the development of herbicides for mechanized paddy rice production in Japan can be characterized by a combination of products with several ingredients, by large availability in formulation, and by application methods for labor saving in accordance with natural and social conditions of the country, for instance, around 40% of national land located in hilly and mountainous areas, small size paddy fields consolidated in approximately 0.3 ha on average and so on. As for combination products, one-shot herbicides that can control both annual and perennial weeds, including grasses, sedges and broadleaved weeds, mainly with sulfonylureas have been a major means of rice production since the 1980s. One-shot herbicides have been improved by using newly developed chemicals with excellent herbicidal efficacy, such as acetolactate synthase (ALS), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4-HPPD), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and very-long-chain fatty acid elongase (VLCFAE) inhibitors, and by combining ingredients that are effective against sulfonylurea-resistant (SUR) biotypes of lowland weeds. The latest type of one-shot herbicides can control noxious species such as Eleocharis kuroguwai as well as other ordinal species. Regarding herbicide formulation, “1 kg granule,” “Jumbo,” “Flowable,” “Diffusion granule” and so on have been developed to save farmers the troubles of applying herbicides. As for application methods, “at-transplanting application,” “at-irrigation inlet application” and utilization of radiocontrolled helicopters or boats were put into practical use as labor-saving technology. As a result, farmers were spared the severe hand-weeding work under blazing heat during the summer season. Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto-Regulators (JAPR) have promoted and contributed to the development of herbicides through collaboration with agrochemical companies and research organizations since it was founded in 1964. In this paper, I explain the development progress of herbicide using materials on the mode of action, the trend of one-shot herbicides, the feature of a labor-saving formulation and the working hours for weed management in rice production.

中文翻译：

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日本水稻除草剂的研制

日本机械化水稻生产除草剂的发展历史，其特点是产品多种成分组合，配方供应量大，以及根据该国自然和社会条件节省劳动力的施用方法，例如，全国40%左右的土地位于丘陵山区，小型水田平均集中在0.3公顷左右等。在复配产品方面，自1980年代以来，以磺脲类为主的可防治一年生和多年生杂草（包括禾本科、莎草和阔叶杂草）的一次性除草剂一直是​​水稻生产的主要手段。通过使用新开发的具有优异除草功效的化学品，如乙酰乳酸合酶（ALS），4-羟基苯基丙酮酸双加氧酶 (4-HPPD)、原卟啉原氧化酶 (PPO) 和超长链脂肪酸延长酶 (VLCFAE) 抑制剂，并结合有效对抗低地杂草的磺酰脲类 (SUR) 生物型的成分。最新类型的一次性除草剂可以控制有毒物种，例如黑眼线虫（Eleocharis kuroguwai）以及其他序数物种。在除草剂剂型方面，开发了“1公斤颗粒”、“大颗粒”、“流动性”、“扩散颗粒”等，为农民省去施用除草剂的麻烦。在施药方式上，“移植处施药”、“灌水口施药”和利用无线电遥控直升机或船作为省力技术已投入实际应用。因此，在炎热的夏季，农民们免于进行繁重的手工除草工作。日本植物调节剂促进会 (JAPR) 自 1964 年成立以来，一直通过与农化公司和研究机构的合作，促进和促进除草剂的开发。在本文中，我解释了使用材料的除草剂的开发进展作用方式、一次性除草剂的趋势、省力配方的特点和水稻生产中杂草治理的工作时间。