This article reviews synoptic extratropical cyclone research starting from the skilfully constructed conceptual diagrams of the Bergen school in the 1920s. Careful analysis of multiple surface observations allowed Norwegian scientists to deduce the existence of cold and warm fronts and to characterise a complete cyclone lifecycle. Since then, new observing systems and advances in computational capabilities have enabled scientific research which has greatly expanded and enriched our knowledge of extratropical cyclone structure and evolution.

中文翻译：

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温带气旋回顾：过去 100 年的观测和概念模型

本文从 1920 年代卑尔根学派巧妙构建的概念图开始，回顾了天气温带气旋研究。对多次地表观测的仔细分析使挪威科学家能够推断冷锋和暖锋的存在，并描述完整的气旋生命周期。从那时起，新的观测系统和计算能力的进步使科学研究成为可能，极大地扩展和丰富了我们对温带气旋结构和演化的认识。