The concept of using special electrical circuit design to realize “cold resistors”, i.e., an active resistor circuitry with lower effective noise temperature, was first introduced about 80 years ago. Later on, various kinds of artificial resistors were applied in different research areas, such as gravitational wave detection, photo-amplifiers and quartz oscillators. Their proofs of concepts were experimentally proved. Unfortunately, the complete theory was not found even though several attempts had been published, sometimes with errors. In this paper, we describe a correct and complete circuit theoretical model of a cold resistor system. The results are confirmed by computer simulations. A design tool for this circuit is also shown.

中文翻译：

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论冷电阻的理论与设计

使用特殊电路设计实现“冷电阻”的概念，即具有较低有效噪声温度的有源电阻电路，大约在 80 年前首次提出。后来，各种人造电阻器被应用于不同的研究领域，如引力波探测、光电放大器和石英振荡器。他们的概念证明得到了实验证明。不幸的是，尽管已经发表了几次尝试，但有时还是有错误，但仍未找到完整的理论。在本文中，我们描述了一个正确而完整的冷电阻系统电路理论模型。结果通过计算机模拟得到证实。还显示了该电路的设计工具。