Microplastics are of major concerns for society and is currently in the focus of legislators and administrations. A small number of measures to reduce or remove primary sources of microplastics to the environment are currently coming into effect. At the moment, they have not yet tackled important topics such as food safety. However, recent developments such as the 2018 bill in California are requesting the analysis of microplastics in drinking water by standardized operational protocols. Administrations and analytical labs are facing an emerging field of methods for sampling, extraction, and analysis of microplastics, which complicate the establishment of standardized operational protocols. In this review, the state of the currently applied identification and quantification tools for microplastics are evaluated providing a harmonized guideline for future standardized operational protocols to cover these types of bills. The main focus is on the naked eye detection, general optical microscopy, the application of dye staining, flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-Ir) and microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, thermal degradation by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) as well as thermo-extraction and desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). Additional techniques are highlighted as well as the combined application of the analytical techniques suggested. An outlook is given on the emerging aspect of nanoplastic analysis. In all cases, the methods were screened for limitations, field work abilities and, if possible, estimated costs and summarized into a recommendation for a workflow covering the demands of society, legislation, and administration in cost efficient but still detailed manner.

中文翻译：

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EXPRESS：对微塑料的协调和成本效益分析的分析方法的批判性评估

微塑料是社会关注的主要问题，目前是立法者和行政部门关注的焦点。少数减少或消除微塑料对环境的主要来源的措施目前正在生效。目前，他们还没有解决食品安全等重要话题。然而，加利福尼亚州 2018 年法案等最近的发展要求通过标准化操作协议对饮用水中的微塑料进行分析。管理部门和分析实验室正面临着一个新兴的微塑料采样、提取和分析方法领域，这使得标准化操作协议的建立变得复杂。在这次审查中，对目前应用的微塑料识别和量化工具的状态进行了评估，为未来涵盖这些类型法案的标准化操作协议提供了统一的指导方针。主要侧重于肉眼检测、普通光学显微镜、染料染色的应用、流式细胞术、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FT-Ir) 和显微镜、拉曼光谱和显微镜、热解-气相色谱-质谱法的热降解(py-GC-MS) 以及热萃取和解吸气相色谱-质谱 (TED-GC-MS)。强调了其他技术以及建议的分析技术的组合应用。展望了纳米塑料分析的新兴方面。在所有情况下，都对方法进行了限制筛选，