Nanopore-based sensors have established themselves as a prominent tool for solution-based, single-molecule analysis of the key building blocks of life, including nucleic acids, proteins, glycans and a large pool of biomolecules that have an essential role in life and healthcare. The predominant molecular readout method is based on measuring the temporal fluctuations in the ionic current through the pore. Recent advances in materials science and surface chemistries have not only enabled more robust and sensitive devices but also facilitated alternative detection modalities based on field-effect transistors, quantum tunnelling and optical methods such as fluorescence and plasmonic sensing. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in nanopore fabrication and sensing strategies that endow nanopores not only with sensitivity but also with selectivity and high throughput, and highlight some of the challenges that still need to be addressed.

基于纳米孔的传感器已确立了其作为解决方案的基础，能够对生命的关键组成部分进行单分子分析的杰出工具，其中包括对生命和医疗起着至关重要作用的核酸，蛋白质，聚糖和大量生物分子。主要的分子读出方法是基于测量通过孔的离子电流的时间波动。材料科学和表面化学的最新进展不仅使设备更坚固，更灵敏，而且还促进了基于场效应晶体管，量子隧穿和光学方法（例如荧光和等离激元传感）的替代检测方式。在这篇评论中，