Emulsions are one of the most often used vaccine adjuvant formulations. Although they promote high humoral immunity, the induced cellular immunity is often poor, which restrict their application. To enhance the cellular immunity, some researchers have prepared mixed formulations by adding particles into the aqueous phase of emulsions. However, the particle preparation process usually involves the addition and removal of organic reagents, which is environmentally unfriendly and cumbersome. Moreover, the obtained vaccine adjuvant only induces limited cell‐mediated immunity and humoral immunity compared with emulsion‐adjuvanted vaccines. Herein, we developed a green and simple method for fabricating a novel nanoparticles‐in‐emulsions (NPE) formulation. Firstly, a temperature‐sensitive hydrogel was used to prepare particles by self‐solidification without additional crosslinking reagents. Secondly, the white oil was used as organic phase to avoid the particle washing procedures and organic solvent residues. Moreover, the effect of NPE as vaccine adjuvant was evaluated by using two veterinary vaccines as model antigens. NPE showed advantages than the conventional vaccine formulations in inducing both humoral and cellular immunity. This work provides a facile and broadly applicable approach for preparing nanoparticles‐in‐emulsions formulation, and presents an effective adjuvant for enhancing immunity against infectious diseases.

中文翻译：

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绿色制备乳液中的水凝胶颗粒，同时增强体液和细胞介导的免疫


乳剂是最常用的疫苗佐剂制剂之一。虽然它们能促进较高的体液免疫，但诱导的细胞免疫往往较差，这限制了它们的应用。为了增强细胞免疫力，一些研究人员通过在乳液的水相中添加颗粒来制备混合制剂。然而，颗粒制备过程通常涉及有机试剂的添加和去除，既不环保又繁琐。此外，与乳液佐剂疫苗相比，所获得的疫苗佐剂仅诱导有限的细胞介导的免疫和体液免疫。在此，我们开发了一种绿色且简单的方法来制造新型纳米粒子乳液（NPE）配方。首先，使用温度敏感水凝胶通过自固化制备颗粒，无需额外的交联剂。其次，使用白油作为有机相以避免颗粒洗涤程序和有机溶剂残留。此外，以两种兽用疫苗作为模型抗原评价了NPE作为疫苗佐剂的效果。 NPE 在诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫方面比传统疫苗制剂表现出优势。这项工作为制备纳米颗粒乳液制剂提供了一种简便且广泛适用的方法，并为增强传染病免疫力提供了一种有效的佐剂。