With increasing societal demands for food security and environmental sustainability on land, the question arises: to what extent do synergies and trade-offs exist between soil functions and how can they be measured across Europe? To address this challenge, we followed the functional land management approach and assessed five soil functions: primary productivity, water regulation and purification, climate regulation, soil biodiversity and nutrient cycling. Soil, management and climate data were collected from 94 sites covering 13 countries, five climatic zones and two land-use types (arable and grassland). This dataset was analysed using the Soil Navigator, a multicriteria decision support system developed to assess the supply of the five soil functions simultaneously. Most sites scored high for two to three soil functions, demonstrating that managing for multifunctionality in soil is possible but that local constraints and trade-offs do exist. Nutrient cycling, biodiversity and climate regulation were less frequently delivered at high capacity than the other two soil functions. Using correlation and co-occurrence analyses, we also found that synergies and trade-offs between soil functions vary among climatic zones and land-use types. This study provides a new framework for monitoring soil quality at the European scale where both the supply of soil functions and their interactions are considered.

中文翻译：

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土壤多功能性：欧洲气候区和土地利用的协同作用和权衡

随着社会对土地粮食安全和环境可持续性的需求不断增加，问题出现了：土壤功能之间在多大程度上存在协同作用和权衡，以及如何在整个欧洲衡量它们？为了应对这一挑战，我们遵循功能性土地管理方法，评估了五种土壤功能：初级生产力、水调节和净化、气候调节、土壤生物多样性和养分循环。从涵盖 13 个国家、五个气候带和两种土地利用类型（耕地和草地）的 94 个地点收集了土壤、管理和气候数据。该数据集使用土壤导航器进行分析，土壤导航器是一种多标准决策支持系统，用于同时评估五种土壤功能的供应。大多数站点在两到三个土壤功能方面得分很高，证明管理土壤中的多功能性是可能的，但当地的限制和权衡确实存在。与其他两种土壤功能相比，养分循环、生物多样性和气候调节以高容量提供的频率较低。使用相关性和共生分析，我们还发现土壤功能之间的协同作用和权衡因气候带和土地利用类型而异。这项研究为在欧洲范围内监测土壤质量提供了一个新框架，其中考虑了土壤功能的供应及其相互作用。使用相关性和共生分析，我们还发现土壤功能之间的协同作用和权衡因气候带和土地利用类型而异。这项研究为在欧洲范围内监测土壤质量提供了一个新框架，其中考虑了土壤功能的供应及其相互作用。使用相关性和共生分析，我们还发现土壤功能之间的协同作用和权衡因气候带和土地利用类型而异。这项研究为在欧洲范围内监测土壤质量提供了一个新框架，其中考虑了土壤功能的供应及其相互作用。