For a proton in the infinite momentum frame, its wave function contains a zero-momentum part (light-front zero-modes) originated from the modification of the QCD vacuum in the presence of the valence quarks, exhibiting a light-front long-range order in the quantum state. This “non-travelling” component of the proton contributes to its fundamental properties, including the mass and spin, as well as the naive-time-reversal-odd correlations between transverse momentum and spin. The large momentum effective theory (LaMET) provides a theoretical approach to study the physical properties of the proton's zero-mode “condensate” through lattice simulations.

中文翻译：

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轻前零模式下质子的基本性质

对于无限动量框架中的质子，其波动函数包含一个零动量部分（光前零模），该零动量部分是由于存在化合价夸克的情况下对QCD真空的修正而产生的，并表现出一个光前远距离在量子状态的顺序。质子的这种“非运动”成分有助于其基本特性，包括质量和自旋，以及横向动量和自旋之间的天真时间反转奇数相关性。大动量有效理论（LaMET）提供了一种理论方法，可通过晶格模拟研究质子的零模“凝结物”的物理性质。