Abstract The Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm), launched in 2004, promoted a drastic conservation reform in Brazil. To date, the plan has been through four distinct phases: PPCDAm-I (2004–2008), II (2009–2011), III (2012–2015), and IV (2016–2020). A substantial decline from historically high deforestation rates in the Amazon occurred from 2004 to 2012, part of which (particularly after 2007) can be attributed to the PPCDAm, and part to economic factors such as commodity prices and the currency exchange rates that affect the profitability of agricultural exports. After 2012 deforestation has trended upward despite control efforts. The PPCDAm evolved through its four phases, consequently changing the patterns of deforestation in Amazonia. Here, we review the conservation instruments and strategies promoted under the PPCDAm umbrella and, when possible, provide estimates of their impacts on deforestation based on rigorous, counterfactual evaluations. While the literature emphasizes some of the most well-known PPCDAm actions, e.g., improved satellite-based monitoring, the “blacklist” of municipalities, expansion of protected areas, land tenure regularization, credit access restrictions, and moratoria, we highlight a number of other PPCDAm activities that, along with the previous examples, are arguably also responsible for a significant share of the reduction of deforestation in the region.

中文翻译：

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巴西的保护改革和减少亚马逊地区的森林砍伐

摘要 2004 年启动的“预防和控制合法亚马逊地区森林砍伐行动计划”（PPCDAm）推动了巴西大刀阔斧的保护改革。迄今为止，该计划经历了四个不同的阶段：PPCDAm-I（2004-2008）、II（2009-2011）、III（2012-2015）和IV（2016-2020）。2004 年至 2012 年亚马逊地区的森林砍伐率从历史高位大幅下降，部分原因（尤其是 2007 年之后）可归因于 PPCDAm，部分归因于影响盈利能力的商品价格和货币汇率等经济因素农产品出口。2012 年后，尽管采取了控制措施，但森林砍伐仍呈上升趋势。PPCDAm 经历了四个阶段的演变，从而改变了亚马逊地区的森林砍伐模式。这里，我们审查在 PPCDAm 保护伞下推广的保护工具和策略，并在可能的情况下，根据严格的反事实评估提供对森林砍伐影响的估计。虽然文献强调了一些最著名的 PPCDAm 行动，例如改进的基于卫星的监测、城市的“黑名单”、保护区的扩大、土地使用权规范化、信贷准入限制和暂停，但我们强调了一些其他 PPCDAm 活动，连同前面的例子，可以说也是该地区减少森林砍伐的重要原因。