A techno-economic assessment on upgrading routes involving washing and torrefaction is presented for roadside grass, straw and miscanthus. Washing followed by torrefaction (prewash) and torrefaction followed by washing (postwash) is compared for straw. Mass and energy balances were calculated, based on previous experimental test results. Calculated internal rates of return, total annuities and payback times and a sensitivity analysis identified the most critical input parameters for profitability as being the cost of biomass, CAPEX, consumables and sludge disposal. Application of upgraded roadside grass in small-scale installations has technical limitations, but large-scale industrial applications seem feasible in the Netherlands. For the roadside grass, a negative gate fee of 25 €/t and a biocoal market price of 4.8 €/GJ lead to an IRR of 15.6% at an optimum plant size of 100–150 kt/a dry input. Postwash appears the most profitable option in the case of predried biomass (straw and miscanthus). However, straw upgrading is not profitable unless a gate fee can be charged as well. This could be the case for residual straws from rice and sugar cane crops in countries like Brazil, Thailand and Indonesia, upgrading the material locally and exporting it. For rice straw, a gate fee of 15 €/t and a price of 6.2 €/GJ for the produced biocoal lead to an IRR of 11.6% for large-scale industrial applications. The upgraded miscanthus with production costs of 7.7 €/GJ, can compete with wood pellets in terms of fuel properties and prices only for smaller-scale installations.

对路边的草，稻草和桔属植物进行了包括清洗和烘焙在内的升级路线的技术经济评估。比较秸秆的洗涤后再进行焙干（预洗）和焙干后再进行洗涤（后洗）。基于先前的实验测试结果，计算了质量和能量平衡。计算得出的内部收益率，总年金和投资回收期以及敏感性分析确定了盈利能力最关键的输入参数，即生物质成本，资本支出，消耗品和污泥处置。在小型设施中使用升级的路边草有技术限制，但是在荷兰，大规模工业应用似乎是可行的。对于路边草，25欧元/吨的负门手续费和4.8欧元/ GJ的生物煤市场价格导致IRR为15。最佳设备尺寸为100–150 kt / a干输入时为6％。对于预干燥的生物质（秸秆和米果），后洗似乎是最有利可图的选择。但是，除非也要收取入场费，否则秸秆升级是无利可图的。巴西，泰国和印度尼西亚等国家的稻米和甘蔗作物残留的秸秆可能就是这种情况，将其本地化并出口。对于稻草，生产的生物煤铅的入场费为15欧元/吨，价格为6.2欧元/ GJ。泰国和印度尼西亚，在当地升级材料并出口。对于稻草，生产的生物煤铅的入场费为15欧元/吨，价格为6.2欧元/ GJ。泰国和印度尼西亚，在当地升级材料并出口。对于稻草，生产的生物煤铅的入场费为15欧元/吨，价格为6.2欧元/ GJ。大型工业应用的IRR为11.6％。升级后的水仙花的生产成本为7.7€/ GJ，仅在较小规模的装置上，就燃料性质和价格而言，它可以与木屑颗粒竞争。