Abstract To meet the challenges of sustainability in agricultural system design, reducing the dependency on synthetic plant protection products has become a core issue. There are currently two major reasons for farmers' decision to reduce their use of synthetic products: public policies, and the extralegal requirements of food supply chains. To reduce or eliminate synthetic plant protection products, agroecological crop protection (ACP) relying on the development of agroecology science and practices is a promising holistic approach focused on crop health overall. ACP requires a consistent combination of various agronomic practices at different spatiotemporal and trophic levels. Vegetable crops are minor crops facing the major challenges of producing high-quality produce and of controlling sanitary pressure on yields. Thus, agroecological vegetable systems must not only be adapted to official regulations and environmental parameters but must also comply with the specifications of the targeted food value chains (FVC), which are variable: marketing standards regarding cosmetic issues are very strict in long value chains, whereas they are more flexible in local short chains. Whereas fresh vegetable production is strongly challenged by the reduction of synthetic plant protection products, there are few studies that show how to design, manage and assess agroecological crop protection strategies for such systems, considering the main specifications and criteria of the FVC as a whole. This article reports on the challenges of complying with both FVC specifications and agroecology principles in protected vegetable crop protection. This study relies on four cropping systems implemented in an experimental station for 4.5 years, each of which had a specific strategy of crop protection management and was devoted to a particular FVC. The four FVCs are “local direct sale in low-pesticide farming”, “local direct sale in organic farming”, “super- and hypermarket value chain in low-pesticide farming” and “super- and hypermarkets value chain in organic farming”. Results consist in the description of combination of agronomic practices used, as well as the corresponding decision-making processes. They then present the performance of the four systems tested, showing that agroecological crop protection strategies are successful in reducing or eliminating synthetic plant protection products. We then discuss failure and success factors highlighted by this multi-year experiment. It illustrates that agroecological crop protection and compliance with the FVC's expectations can be compatible but involve specific trade-offs, depending on the targeted food value chain. We finally stress key areas to investigate further in order to achieve still challenging objectives in vegetable systems.

中文翻译：

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在蔬菜作物保护中同时遵守食品价值链规范和农业生态学原则的挑战

摘要 为了应对农业系统设计中可持续性的挑战，减少对合成植物保护产品的依赖已成为一个核心问题。目前，农民决定减少合成产品的使用有两个主要原因：公共政策和食品供应链的法外要求。为了减少或消除合成植物保护产品，依赖农业生态科学和实践发展的农业生态作物保护 (ACP) 是一种有前景的整体方法，重点关注作物整体健康。ACP 需要在不同的时空和营养水平上一致地结合各种农艺实践。蔬菜作物是次要作物，面临着生产优质产品和控制产量卫生压力的主要挑战。因此，农业生态蔬菜系统不仅必须适应官方法规和环境参数，还必须符合目标食品价值链 (FVC) 的规范，这些规范是可变的：在长价值链中，关于化妆品问题的营销标准非常严格，而它们在本地短​​链中更加灵活。虽然新鲜蔬菜生产受到合成植物保护产品减少的强烈挑战，但很少有研究表明如何设计、管理和评估此类系统的农业生态作物保护策略，同时考虑整个 FVC 的主要规范和标准。本文报告了在受保护蔬菜作物保护中遵守 FVC 规范和农业生态学原则所面临的挑战。这项研究依赖于在一个试验站实施了 4.5 年的四种种植系统，每个系统都有一个特定的作物保护管理策略，并专门用于特定的 FVC。这四个 FVC 分别是“低农药农业本地直销”、“有机农业本地直销”、“低农药农业超级市场和大卖场价值链”和“有机农业超级和大卖场价值链”。结果包括对所用农艺实践组合的描述，以及相应的决策过程。然后他们展示了测试的四个系统的性能，表明农业生态作物保护策略成功地减少或消除了合成植物保护产品。然后，我们讨论了这个多年实验强调的失败和成功因素。它说明农业生态作物保护和符合 FVC 的期望可以兼容，但涉及特定的权衡，具体取决于目标食品价值链。我们最终强调要进一步调查的关键领域，以实现蔬菜系统中仍然具有挑战性的目标。