Background

In Brazil and several countries in the Americas, where dengue, chikungunya and Zika are cocirculating, there is a need to understand how different mosquito species relate to landscape and humans. Mosquito ecology and distribution, especially at finer spatial scales, are key factors to study since the relationship of mosquito communities to their habitats might have important consequences in the risk of disease transmission to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of resident culicids along heterogeneous landscapes in different endemic cities for dengue, chikungunya and Zika.

Methods

Fourteen collection sites were randomly selected in six landscapes characterized as urban, periurban and rural along two endemic metropolitan cities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Itaboraí and Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro. In each site, adult mosquito collections were performed using different traps and backpack aspiration. Collections took place during the rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016. To measure diversity in each landscape, we generated species accumulation curves and used different indexes: rarefied species richness, Chao1-bc and ACE-1. Mosquito habitat segregation along different land use types was measured with a partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA). Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to model the probability of occurrence of the most abundant species along an Urban-Forest gradient.

Results

A total of 13,462 adult mosquitoes from 10 genera and 41 species were collected. The most abundant species were Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). There was a significant association between rarefied species richness and landscape, with higher richness in the Rural landscape. The number of observed species was matched only in the Urban landscape. Most species showed segregation along an Urban-Forest gradient, and the great majority were associated with forested habitats. We were able to fit prediction models for six mosquito species.

Discussion

The paper discusses the impact of human activities on landscape and its effects on mosquito populations, focusing on the segregation of different known vector species and their proximity to human altered environments. Most of these species are known arbovirus vectors and knowledge of their distribution are key elements that health authorities should take into account when planning arbovirus surveillance and vector control activities.

中文翻译：

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虫媒病毒特有的异质景观中蚊子（双翅目：Cu科）载体的多样性

背景

在登革热，基孔肯雅热和寨卡流行的巴西和美洲几个国家，有必要了解不同蚊子与景观和人类之间的关系。蚊子的生态和分布，尤其是在较小的空间尺度上，是要研究的关键因素，因为蚊子群落与其栖息地的关系可能会对疾病传播给人类的风险产生重要影响。这项研究的目的是评估登革热，基孔肯雅热和寨卡的不同流行城市沿不同景观的常住居民的多样性。

方法

在巴西里约热内卢的两个地方性大城市：Itaboraí和里约热内卢的Cachoeiras de Macacu，在六个具有城市，郊区和乡村特征的景观中随机选择了14个采集点。在每个地点，使用不同的诱集装置和背包抽吸技术收集成年蚊子。在2015年和2016年的雨季和旱季进行了采集。为了测量每个景观的多样性，我们生成了物种积累曲线，并使用了不同的指标：稀有物种丰富度，Chao1-bc和ACE-1。使用部分规范对应分析（pCCA）测量了沿不同土地利用类型的蚊虫栖息地隔离。广义线性混合模型（GLMM）用于模拟沿Urban-Forest梯度出现的最丰富物种的概率。

结果

总共收集了来自10属41种的13,462只成年蚊子。最丰富的物种是1823年的库蚊（Culex quinquefasciatus Say），埃及伊蚊（Linnaeus，1762）和白纹伊蚊（Skuse，1895）。稀有物种的丰富度与景观之间存在显着的关联，而乡村景观的丰富度更高。观察物种的数量仅在城市景观中匹配。大多数物种沿城市-森林梯度显示出隔离状态，并且大多数与森林栖息地有关。我们能够拟合六个蚊子的预测模型。

讨论区

本文讨论了人类活动对景观的影响及其对蚊子种群的影响，重点是不同已知媒介物种的隔离及其与人类改变环境的接近性。这些物种大多数是已知的虫媒病毒载体，其分布知识是卫生当局在规划虫媒病毒监视和载体控制活动时应考虑的关键因素。