The foraging behavior of bees is a complex phenomenon that depends on numerous physical features of flowers. Of particular importance are accessibility of floral rewards, floral proportions, symmetry and orientation. The flowers of Roepera are characterized by the presence of staminal scales (SS), which play an important role in nectar protection. We studied two species of Roepera with different symmetry and flower orientation, which are mainly visited by honeybees (Apis mellifera). We aimed to show how the foraging behavior of honey bees is affected by the function of SS, floral symmetry and orientation. The foraging behavior was documented by video photography. Handling time, access to nectar, percentage of pollen/nectar foraging, percentage of pollen contact and pollen deposition site on the honey bee's body were assessed. The morphometric features of the honey bees and flowers were analyzed. We found that the SS restricted pollinator access to nectar. Our results indicated consistency of visitation patterns in zygomorphic, laterally oriented flowers of R. fuscata versus random patterns in actinomorphic, diversely oriented flowers of R. leptopetala. The relative proportions of SS and proboscis length appear to be crucial for the success of pollinators. The directionality of the honey bees' movement, together with the different positioning of reproductive organs, plays an important role in the accuracy of pollen transfer and pollination efficiency.

中文翻译：

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Roepera (Zygophyllaceae) 的授粉生物学：花结构和形状如何影响觅食活动

蜜蜂的觅食行为是一种复杂的现象，取决于花的许多物理特征。特别重要的是花卉奖励的可及性、花卉比例、对称性和方向。Roepera 的花的特点是有雄蕊鳞片 (SS)，它在保护花蜜方面起着重要作用。我们研究了两种具有不同对称性和花向的 Roepera，它们主要由蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera) 访问。我们的目的是展示蜜蜂的觅食行为如何受 SS、花对称性和定向的影响。觅食行为由视频摄影记录。评估处理时间、获取花蜜、花粉/花蜜觅食的百分比、花粉接触的百分比和蜜蜂身体上的花粉沉积部位。分析了蜜蜂和花朵的形态特征。我们发现 SS 限制传粉者获取花蜜。我们的结果表明，R. fuscata 左右对称的花中的访问模式与 R. leptopetala 的辐射对称、不同方向的花中的随机模式的一致性。SS 和长鼻长度的相对比例似乎对传粉者的成功至关重要。蜜蜂运动的方向性，加上生殖器官的不同定位，对花粉传递的准确性和授粉效率起着重要作用。R. leptopetala 的辐射对称、方向多样的花中的 fuscata 与随机模式。SS 和长鼻长度的相对比例似乎对传粉者的成功至关重要。蜜蜂运动的方向性，加上生殖器官的不同定位，对花粉传递的准确性和授粉效率起着重要作用。R. leptopetala 的辐射对称、方向多样的花中的 fuscata 与随机模式。SS 和长鼻长度的相对比例似乎对传粉者的成功至关重要。蜜蜂运动的方向性，加上生殖器官的不同定位，对花粉传递的准确性和授粉效率起着重要作用。