Understanding and predicting how adaptation will contribute to species' resilience to climate change will be paramount to successfully managing biodiversity for conservation, agriculture, and human health‐related purposes. Making predictions that capture how species will respond to climate change requires an understanding of how key traits and environmental drivers interact to shape fitness in a changing world. Current trait‐based models suggest that low‐ to mid‐latitude populations will be most at risk, although these models focus on upper thermal limits, which may not be the most important trait driving species' distributions and fitness under climate change. In this review, we discuss how different traits (stress, fitness and phenology) might contribute and interact to shape insect responses to climate change. We examine the potential for adaptive genetic and plastic responses in these key traits and show that, although there is evidence of range shifts and trait changes, explicit consideration of what underpins these changes, be that genetic or plastic responses, is largely missing. Despite little empirical evidence for adaptive shifts, incorporating adaptation into models of climate change resilience is essential for predicting how species will respond under climate change. We are making some headway, although more data are needed, especially from taxonomic groups outside of Drosophila, and across diverse geographical regions. Climate change responses are likely to be complex, and such complexity will be difficult to capture in laboratory experiments. Moving towards well designed field experiments would allow us to not only capture this complexity, but also study more diverse species.

中文翻译：

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陆生昆虫与气候变化：关键性状的适应性反应

理解和预测适应将如何促进物种对气候变化的适应力对于成功管理生物多样性以实现保护、农业和人类健康相关目的至关重要。做出捕捉物种将如何应对气候变化的预测需要了解关键特征和环境驱动因素如何相互作用以在不断变化的世界中塑造健康。当前基于特征的模型表明，中低纬度种群面临的风险最大，尽管这些模型侧重于热上限，这可能不是气候变化下驱动物种分布和适应性的最重要特征。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了不同的特征（压力、健康和物候）如何影响和相互作用来塑造昆虫对气候变化的反应。我们研究了这些关键性状中适应性遗传和可塑性反应的潜力，并表明，尽管有范围变化和性状变化的证据，但在很大程度上缺少对支持这些变化的因素的明确考虑，即遗传或可塑性反应。尽管适应性转变的经验证据很少，但将适应纳入气候变化复原力模型对于预测物种将如何应对气候变化至关重要。我们正在取得一些进展，但需要更多数据，尤其是来自果蝇以外的分类群以及不同地理区域的数据。气候变化响应可能很复杂，而这种复杂性在实验室实验中很难捕捉到。转向精心设计的现场实验将使我们不仅能够捕捉到这种复杂性，