ABSTRACT The Wind River Range in Wyoming contains more glacial ice than any other location within the USA’s Rocky Mountain states of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Bull Lake Creek watershed in the southeast portion of the range contains five major (0.6–1.5 km2) glaciers along with numerous smaller glaciers that contribute to the Wind River. Field measurements were made of discharge from the Knife Point and Bull Lake Glaciers to determine the contribution of glacial meltwater to the river system. Water samples were collected and analyzed for stable isotopes, major ions, nutrients, and selected trace elements. Meltwater from the two glaciers contributed 13.9% to Bull Lake Creek streamflow (site BL-3), with all glaciers within the Bull Lake Creek watershed estimated to be contributing 55.6% to the streamflow of Bull Lake Creek (United States Geological Survey gage) during the August 2015 study period. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis indicated as much as 80% of late summer discharge in the upper Bull Lake Creek watershed was attributed to glacial meltwater. This study also found that nutrients (NO3 – NO2, total P) from glacial meltwater can be a significant source of nutrient loading to Bull Lake Creek.

中文翻译：

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美国怀俄明州风河山脉夏末冰川融水对布尔湖溪流和水质的贡献

摘要 怀俄明州的风河山脉包含的冰川冰比美国落基山州科罗拉多州、爱达荷州、蒙大拿州和怀俄明州的任何其他地方都多。该山脉东南部的 Bull Lake Creek 流域包含五个主要（0.6-1.5 平方公里）冰川以及许多形成风河的较小冰川。对刀点冰川和布尔湖冰川的排放进行了实地测量，以确定冰川融水对河流系统的贡献。收集水样并分析稳定同位素、主要离子、营养素和选定的微量元素。来自两个冰川的融水对布尔湖溪流（BL-3 站点）贡献了 13.9%，布尔湖溪流域内的所有冰川估计贡献了 55%。2015 年 8 月研究期间 Bull Lake Creek（美国地质调查局）的流量增加 6%。氢和氧稳定同位素分析表明，在布尔湖溪上游流域，多达 80% 的夏末排放归因于冰川融水。该研究还发现，来自冰川融水的营养物质（NO3 – NO2，总磷）可能是 Bull Lake Creek 营养物质负荷的重要来源。