Fisheries catches are known to be widely underreported, and much of their value flows in informal markets. Goods and services that are not directly sold in a market also have a corresponding economic value, here termed ‘shadow value’, which can apply to discarded fish—or those that are consumed but not sold (e.g., subsistence catches). Here, we estimate the monetary value of fisheries catches in Panama that are landed but not reported, or that are discarded at sea; this includes catches from artisanal and industrial fleets, as well as recreational and subsistence fisheries. Based on available data, we estimate that the market and shadow value of unreported catches in Panama in 2010 was around US$92 million, equal to approximately 43% of the total reported landed value. In the case of discarded fish, the shadow value represents the potential but entirely unrealized economic benefit of landing such fish; in the case of unreported landings, unreported market value represents only the first link in the potentially sophisticated informal seafood economy. One must be careful in considering these results for policy. It is possible that, rather than seeking to capture these ‘lost’ benefits, fish that are discarded or unreported should not have been caught at all, for example, if they are juveniles or of threatened species; conversely, unreported subsistence catches are crucial for food security throughout the world. These results help contextualize the scale of unreported fisheries in economic terms, and can inform subsequent policies and strategies to ensure social, ecological, and economic sustainability.

中文翻译：

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非正式鱼的市场价值和影子价值：巴拿马的框架和应用

众所周知，渔业捕捞量被低估，其大部分价值流向非正式市场。未在市场上直接出售的商品和服务也具有相应的经济价值，在此称为“影子价值”，可应用于丢弃的鱼类或食用但未出售的鱼类（例如生计捕获物）。在这里，我们估算了登陆但未报告或在海上丢弃的巴拿马渔业产量的货币价值；其中包括来自手工和工业船队的渔获，以及休闲和自给渔业。根据现有数据，我们估计2010年巴拿马未报告渔获物的市场和影子价值约为9,200万美元，约占报告的总登陆价值的43％。如果是丢弃的鱼，影子值代表着陆此类鱼的潜在但完全未实现的经济利益；在未报告的上岸量的情况下，未报告的市场价值仅代表潜在复杂的非正式海产品经济中的第一环节。在考虑这些结果以制定政策时必须谨慎。有可能的是，丢弃或未报告的鱼类根本不应该被捕获，而不是试图获取这些“失去的”利益，例如，如果它们是幼鱼或受威胁物种；相反，未报告的生存渔获量对全世界的粮食安全至关重要。这些结果有助于从经济角度对未报告渔业的规模进行背景分析，并可以为随后的政策和战略提供信息，以确保社会，生态和经济的可持续性。