Climate change poses a major threat to agricultural production and food security in India, and climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) is crucial in addressing the potential impacts. Using survey data from 1,267 farm households in 25 villages from Bihar and Haryana in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains, this study analyzes the factors that determine the probability and level of adoption of multiple CSA practices, including seeds of stress‐tolerant varieties, minimum tillage, laser land leveling, site‐specific nutrient management and crop diversification. We applied a multivariate probit model for the simultaneous multiple adoption decisions, and ordered probit models for assessing the factors affecting the level of adoption. The adoption of the various CSA practices is interrelated, whereas several factors, including household characteristics, plot characteristics, market access and major climate risks are found to affect the probability and level of CSA adoption. Climate‐smart agriculture (CSA) adoption and its intensity also vary significantly between eastern Bihar, which is relatively poor and densely populated, and north‐western Haryana. Engaging multiple stakeholders such as farmers, agricultural institutions, agricultural service providers and concerned government departments at the local level is crucial for the large‐scale uptake of CSA. The study, therefore, calls for agricultural policy reforms so that most of the issues related to the uptake of CSA can be adequately addressed.

中文翻译：

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影响印度恒河平原采用多种气候智能型农业实践的因素

气候变化对印度的农业生产和粮食安全构成重大威胁，气候智能型农业 (CSA) 在应对潜在影响方面至关重要。本研究使用来自印度恒河平原比哈尔邦和哈里亚纳邦 25 个村庄的 1,267 个农户的调查数据，分析了决定采用多种 CSA 做法的可能性和水平的因素，包括抗逆品种的种子、最少耕作、激光土地平整、特定地点的养分管理和作物多样化。我们将多元概率模型应用于同时进行的多个采用决策，并订购概率模型来评估影响采用水平的因素。各种 CSA 做法的采用是相互关联的，而几个因素，包括家庭特征、地块特征、发现市场准入和主要气候风险会影响 CSA 采用的可能性和水平。气候智能型农业 (CSA) 的采用及其强度在相对贫困和人口稠密的比哈尔邦东部和哈里亚纳邦西北部之间也存在显着差异。让当地农民、农业机构、农业服务提供商和相关政府部门等多个利益相关者参与对于大规模采用 CSA 至关重要。因此，该研究呼吁进行农业政策改革，以便能够充分解决大部分与 CSA 应用相关的问题。这是相对贫穷和人口稠密的哈里亚纳邦西北部。让当地农民、农业机构、农业服务提供商和相关政府部门等多个利益相关者参与对于大规模采用 CSA 至关重要。因此，该研究呼吁进行农业政策改革，以便能够充分解决大部分与 CSA 应用相关的问题。这是相对贫穷和人口稠密的哈里亚纳邦西北部。让当地农民、农业机构、农业服务提供商和相关政府部门等多个利益相关者参与对于大规模采用 CSA 至关重要。因此，该研究呼吁进行农业政策改革，以便能够充分解决大部分与 CSA 应用相关的问题。